Anonymous user
Social housing: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
imported>Tmccormick No edit summary |
imported>Tmccormick No edit summary |
||
Line 209:
from: Congressional Research Service. "Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy." July 22, 2008 – March 27, 2019.
<blockquote>"The '''Housing Act of 1959''' (P.L. 86-372) ''was the first significant instance where government incentives were used to persuade private developers to build housing that would be affordable to low- and moderate-income households.'' As part of P.L. 86-372, Congress created the Section 202 Housing for the Elderly program. Through the Section 202 program, the federal government extended low-interest loans to private nonprofit organizations for the development of affordable housing for moderate-income residents age 62 and older. The low interest rates were meant to ensure that units would be affordable, with nonprofit developers being able to charge lower rents and still have adequate revenue to pay back the government loans. "The Housing Act of 1961 (P.L. 87-70) further expanded the role of the private sector in providing housing to low- and moderate-income households. The act created the Section 221(d)(3) Below Market Interest Rate (BMIR) housing program, which both insured mortgages to private developers of multifamily housing and provided loans to developers at low interest rates. The BMIR program expanded the pool of eligible borrowers to private for-profit developers and government entities, as well as nonprofit developers. Eligible developers included cooperatives, limited-dividend corporations, and state or local government agencies. Like the Section 202 program, the low interest rates in the BMIR program were meant to ensure that building owners could offer affordable rents to tenants. "The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-117) added rental assistance to the list of incentives for private multifamily housing developers that participated in the Section 221(d)(3) BMIR program. The Rent Supplement Program, enacted as part of P.L. 89-117, capped the rents charged to participating tenants at 20% of their incomes and paid building owners the difference between 20% of a tenant's income and fair market rent. P.L. 89-117 also created the Section 23 leased housing program, which was the first program to provide rent subsidies for use with existing private rental market units. "'''The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 '''(P.L. 90-448) created the '''Section 236''' and '''Section 235''' programs. In the Section 236 program, the government subsidized private developers' mortgage interest payments so that they would not pay more than 1% toward interest. Some Section 236 units also received rent subsidies (referred to as Rental Assistance Payments [RAP]) to make them affordable to the lowest-income tenants. The Section 235 program instituted mortgage interest reduction payments similar to the Section 236 program, but for individual homeowners rather than multifamily housing developers. Through it, eligible borrowers could obtain FHA-insured mortgages with subsidized interest rates. As the program was originally enacted, HUD was to make subsidy payments to the lender in order to reduce the interest rate on the mortgage to as low as 1%. "By the end of the 1960s, subsidies to private developers had resulted in the creation of hundreds of thousands of rental housing units. ''Approximately 700,000 units of housing had been built through the Section 236 and Section 221(d)(3) programs'' alone.7 The Section 202 program had created more than 45,000 units for elderly households.8 The Section 235 program and Section 23 leased-housing program provided ownership and rental subsidies for thousands more. Through 1972, the Section 235 program subsidized nearly 400,000 homeowners,9 while the Section 23 leased-housing program provided rent subsidies for more than 38,000 private market rental units.10 Despite the growth in the role of private developers, public housing was still the largest housing subsidy program, with roughly 1 million units built and subsidized by the early 1970s.11</blockquote> <blockquote>
"Another development during the 1960s was an '''income-based rent structure'''. Under the public housing program, tenants generally paid rent in an amount equal to the costs of operating the assisted housing in which they lived. Over time, as operating costs rose, there was a concern that the below-market rents being charged were too high to be affordable to the poorest families. The Brooke Amendment, which was included as part of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1969 (P.L. 91-152), limited tenant contributions toward rent in all rent assisted units (including public housing and all project-based rental assistance units) to an amount equal to 25% of tenant income (this was later raised to 30%). '''The Brooke Amendment is considered to be responsible for codifying an income-based rent structure''' in federal housing programs."
</blockquote>
Line 308 ⟶ 298:
*Calavita, Nico, and Alan Mallach (Eds). ''Inclusionary Housing in International Perspective: Affordable Housing, Social Inclusion, and Land Value Recapture''. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, July 2010.<br/> [http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf Table of Contents, Forward, Preface, Ch. 1]. [http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf. http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf. ]<br/>
*Carter, Leighton. "The Slum of All Fears: Dickens's Concern with Urban Poverty and Sanitation." article in Brown University's Victorianweb.org, 2007.<br/>
*Comptroller General of the United States. "[https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf Section 236 Rental Housing -- An Evaluation With Lessons For The Future.]" PAD-78-13 JANUARY 10, 1978. [https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf]<br/> ''"This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of the section 236 program; compares section 236 to many other Federal programs;<br/> and discusses investment incentives, program equity, subsidized tenants and program impact. The 236 program has succeded in providing nearly half a million housing units to an income group which is now largely excluded from housing assistance.<br/> It contains recommendations to the Congress and the Department of Housing and Urban Development which would assure that moderate income households receive a reasonable share of future housing assistance."''<br/>
*Congressional Research Service. "[https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy]." July 22, 2008 – March 27, 2019. [https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html].<br/>
*Flandro et al (2008). "[https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives Progressive Housing in New York City: A Closer Look at Model Tenements and Finnish Cooperatives]."<br/> (Xsusha Carlyann Flandro, Christine Huh, Negin Maleki, Mariana Sarango-Manaças, & Jennifer Schork; for Historical Preservation Graduate Studio II, Columbia University, Spring 2008). <br/> [https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives. https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives. ]<br/>
*Gill, Stephen. "Notes" to Oxford University Press edition of ''The Nether World'' by George Gissing. 1992. <br/>
| |||