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United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): Difference between revisions
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (view source)
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[[File:FairHousing.HUD .jpg|right|FairHousing.HUD .jpg]]The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) was born on September 9th, 1965, catapulted into being by then-President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Since its inception, HUD has had an unparalleled impact in the United States on housing generally and affordable, fair housing specifically, community development, and homelessness.
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HUD was preceded by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) signed into being by President Franklin Roosevelt in 1934, as part of his “New Deal”, as well as the Truman Administration’s Housing and Home Financing Agency.
In the 1930s and 1940s, the United States government, for better and largely worse in terms of its treatment of racialized and people in the lower socio-economic classes, had taken a direct role in creating and managing affordable housing. In conjunction with HUD and Congressional legislators, in 1968, Johnson set HUD on a path of overseeing and regulating affordable housing largely created by and managed by the private sector - a shift that has greatly influenced housing development in the United States.
HUD's activities through the Federal Housing Association and other sub-agencies, promoted single-family home ownership and created and reinforced racial segregation and encouraged racial discrimination in housing in the United States in the 20th century.
== Core Mandates ==
The agency’s ''stated'' central, long-standing mandates, some of which were legislated before its inauguration are:
*Increasing home ownership (1934)
*Assisting Low-Income Renters (1937)
*Ameliorating the Physical, Economic and Social Health of Cities (1949)
*Fighting Discrimination in Housing Markets and “affirmatively" furthering the fair-housing goal of integration (1968)
*Assisting Homeless Persons with Support and Housing Services (1987)
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There are significant clusters of housing-related Federal legislation in the 1930s and 1940s, in the 1960s, and again in the 1990s and early 2000s.
'''1934''' – The National Housing Act establishes the Federal Housing Administration, which facilitates mortgage insurance on FHA-approved lender loans made by FHA-approved lenders.This Act also formally established "redlining" neighborhoods (also termed "mortgage discrimination") a practice that would entrench racial and ethnic segregation across the country and that has had a lasting impact on the fortunes of minority communities and households as well as the shape of the nation's neighborhoods up until the present.
''Presidential Administration: Franklin D. Roosevelt (D).''
'''1937''' – The Housing Act of 1937 inaugurates the United States Housing Authority, which oversees slum-clearance projects and the construction of low-rent housing. One critique of this act is that by sectioning off and isolating low income public housing projects that the Act further laid the foundations for racial and ethnic segregation, as much of the poor population it impacted were racial or ethnic minorities.
''Presidential Administration: Franklin D. Roosevelt (D).''
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''Presidential Administration: Franklin D. Roosevelt (D).''
'''1949''' – The Housing Act of 1949 is put in place a policy of "urban redevelopment" to promote the eradication of housing in communities classed as slums and promote community development and redevelopment programs.
''Presidential Administration: Harry S. Truman (D).''
'''1954'''''- ''The Housing Act of 1954 introduced the now-fraught term "urban renewal." It is this policy a continuation of the previous "urban development", that involved the razing of housing in largely minority communities and other issues around housing that would result in the displacement of hundreds by eminent domain from their neighborhoods and help fan frustrations in minority communities that would culminate in the 1960s in mass protests and rioting in cities across the country. The era of "urban renewal" would run through to the early 1970s and left behind it a fear of displacement and suspicion of development in lower-income minority communities.
''Presidential Administration: Dwight D. Eisenhower (R).''
'''1959 '''– The Housing Act of 1959 sets in place funding for elderly housing.
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''Presidential Administration: Lyndon B. Johnson (D).''
'''1968''' – The Fair Housing Act, often seen as the last major act of legislation of the Civil Rights movement, was passed to ban housing discrimination. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had lobbied hard to pass it, as access to housing was a pivotal issue for black and other marginalized communities. Despite the mandates of the legislation, in reality, neighborhoods in America remained and remain racially and ethnically segregated. Indeed deliberate actions to isolate, disadvantage, and contain communities of color continued and lines of segregation in many localities were more strongly drawn by the midcentury exodus of whites from cities to the suburbs where racial minorities were explicitly unwelcome. The Fair Housing Act also only pertained to discrimination in the sale of and rental of property and did nothing to remedy discrimination around mortgage lending.
''Presidential Administration: Lyndon B. Johnson (D).''
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''Presidential Administration: Lyndon B. Johnson (D).''
'''1974''' – The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 established community development block grants and support for urban homesteading. The Equal Credit Opportunity Act banned discrimination related to mortgage lending.
''Presidential Administration: Gerald Ford (R).''
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''Presidential Administration: Ronald Reagan (R).''
'''1988''' – The Housing and Community Development Act allows for the sale of public housing to resident management corporations. The Fair Housing Amendments Act prohibits discrimination based on disability or family status (e.g. towards families with young children, pregnant women or single parents).
''Presidential Administration: Ronald Reagan (R).''
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''Presidential Administration: George W. Bush (R).''
== References ==
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*LBJ’s Biggest Housing Program that Noone Remembers [http://housingperspectives.blogspot.ca/2014/10/lbjs-biggest-housing-program-that-no.html http://housingperspectives.blogspot.ca/2014/10/lbjs-biggest-housing-program-that-no.html]
*A History of HUB - Lawrence L. Thompson [https://monarchhousing.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/hud-history.pdf https://monarchhousing.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/hud-history.pdf]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/23/upshot/how-ben-carson-at-housing-could-undo-a-desegregation-effort.html?action=click&contentCollection=The%20Upshot&module=RelatedCoverage®ion=EndOfArticle&pgtype=article How Ben Carson Can Undo a Desegregation Effort - The Upshot - The New York Times] 23 November 2016
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/07/upshot/why-trumps-use-of-the-words-urban-renewal-is-scary-for-cities.html?action=click&contentCollection=The%20Upshot&module=RelatedCoverage®ion=EndOfArticle&pgtype=article Why Trump's Use of the Words "Urban Renewal" Is Scary for Cities - The Upshot - The New York Times] 7 Dec 2016
*[http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/fair-housing-act History Channel, "Fair Housing Act of 1968" ]
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808815/ The Legacy of the 1968 Fair Housing Act] - Douglas Massey
*[http://www.epi.org/publication/the-color-of-law-a-forgotten-history-of-how-our-government-segregated-america/ The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America] by Richard Rothstein, Liveright, 2017
[[Category:Government]] [[Category:US Federal Government]] [[Category:Housing Administration]] [[Category:Housing]] [[Category:Affordable housing]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Equity]]
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