HousingWiki

Social housing: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Social housing (view source)

Revision as of 23:11, 17 May 2020

2,145 bytes added ,  4 years ago
no edit summary
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Line 96:
'''Elizabeth Gaskell''', of Manchester, became famous for writing the best-selling ''Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life'' (1848), set among mill workers in Manchester between1839 and 1842.
 
'''Charles Dickens''' was strongly interested in housing condititions of the London poor, and publicly campaigned with speeches and articles on it, as well as treating of it in widely and internationally popular novels, and publishing related work by other authors such as Gaskell. Carter [2007] observes:<blockquote>''"Charles Dickens showed great concern for the despicable conditions of London slums and campaigned for their improvement. His hatred of slums and the governmental practices that allowed them to exist is especially apparent around the time he began conceiving and writing Bleak House (published in installments from March 1852 through September 1853). In the new preface to Martin Chuzzlewit of November 1849, he upholds literature's utility in social activism: "In all my writings, I hope I have taken every available opportunity to showing the want of sanitary improvements in the neglected dwellings of the poor" (qtd. in Butt, p. 11).'' ''He published several articles on the subject, such as "Health by Act of Parliament, "A Home Question," and "Commission and Omission," in 1850 editions of Household Words. Again in 1850, he made a speech to The Metropolitan Sanitary Association condemning slum landlords and local politicians and, in 1852, he advised philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts on the model flats she was financing for London's Columbia Square (Blount 341). In Bleak House, the theme of sanitation, or the lack thereof, surfaces prominently in Dickens's treatment of the brick-maker's house and Tom-all-Alone's. Dickens actually used "Tom-All-Alone's" as a working title for Bleak House, further demonstrating slums' importance for the novel.''</blockquote></div>
 
''He published several articles on the subject, such as "Health by Act of Parliament, "A Home Question," and "Commission and Omission," in 1850 editions of Household Words. Again in 1850, he made a speech to The Metropolitan Sanitary Association condemning slum landlords and local politicians and, in 1852, he advised philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts on the model flats she was financing for London's Columbia Square (Blount 341). In Bleak House, the theme of sanitation, or the lack thereof, surfaces prominently in Dickens's treatment of the brick-maker's house and Tom-all-Alone's. Dickens actually used "Tom-All-Alone's" as a working title for Bleak House, further demonstrating slums' importance for the novel.''</blockquote></div>
 
===Model dwelling companies, 1842-===
Line 128 ⟶ 126:
 
The design was further developed on by Sir Sydney Waterlow and his&nbsp;Improved Dwellings Company for their building in London in 1863. [Flandro et al, 2008].<br /> <br /> Improved Dwellings Company, Limited built the Langbourn Buildings - block of 80 dwellings, 1863.
</div>&nbsp;<div style="clear: both"></div>
 
==Housing reform and Model Tenements in the US==
<div style="clear: both">
A definitive study of US housing reform movement, focusing particularly on New York City, is James Ford. [https://archive.org/details/slumshousingwith0001ford Slums and Housing - With Special Reference to New York City - History, Conditions, Policy]. &nbsp;Harvard University Press, 1936. [Ford 1936].&nbsp;
 
Summarized and extended by helpful paper:&nbsp;<br /> Hoffman, Alexander von. "[https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf. The Origins of American Housing Reform]." Harvard University Joint Center for Housing Studies, publication W98-2, August 1998. &nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
 
====Workingman's Home, NYC, 1855====
 
[[File:Workingmans-Home-NYC-1855.jpg|thumb|right|600px|Workingman's Home, NYC, 1855]]
 
"The first truly 'philanthropic'&nbsp;housing in New York was the Workingman's Home built in 1855 by the New York Association for Improving the Conditions of the Poor. The AICP, founded in 1845...promoted private philanthropy in housing. In 1847 plans of a model block of buildings were drawn up and circulated to builders.&nbsp;
 
"The Workingman's Home was designed by prominent architect John W. Ritch for a narrow parcel between Mott and Elizabeth streeets, north of Canal Street...The galleries were constructed of iron beams with brick arches spanning between, a fireproof construction that had only recently been developed for industrial buildings; probably this was the first residential application. &nbsp;The project is alleged to be the first tenement which provided each tenant with water and water closet
 
"In exchange for these superior amenities, the tenants had to abide by &nbsp;a strict moral and hygienic code that was enforced by the superintendent in charge. Tenant was limited to blacks.&nbsp;
 
"After twelve years the Workingman's Home was sold to a private investor, and it became known as the Big Flat."&nbsp;[Plunz 2016].For an interesting depiction of tenement/boarding-house life around the time of Workingman's Home's creation, see '''Walt Whitman''',&nbsp;"Wicked Architecture" (''Life Illustrated'', July 19,1856) - mainly about dwelling-houses.&nbsp;<br /> Part II from a series, "New York Dissected".&nbsp;<br /> https://whitmanarchive.org/published/periodical/journalism/tei/per.00270.html<nowiki/>.&nbsp; It's on Image 5 of the scanned pages.&nbsp;[Whitman 1856].
 
===NYC Council of Hygiene's Tenement Survey & model plans===
 
"With the United States government hesitant to intervene in housing problems (the government saw this as an invasion on private property rights), civic groups, architects and philanthropists began to look for possible solutions to the housing conditions in New York in foreign projects, particularly in Britain and France.&nbsp;
 
"In the 1860s were established the New York City Council of Hygiene, a Citizens Association, and the Department of Survey and &nbsp;Inspection of Buildings.&nbsp;A survey of the 15,309 tenement buildings in New York City was completed by the Council of Hygiene and was published in 1865. This study also included the plans for the plans for Waterlow's&nbsp;1863 Improved Dwellings Company buildings, the first Englist model tenement English plans published in the&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;&nbsp;[American] architects that subsequently traveled and investigated these model houses included James E. Ware, Henry Atterbury Smith, Grosvenor Atterbury, Ernest Flagg, and I.N. Phelps-Stokes; and philanthropists Alfred Tredway White, Olivia Sage (Mrs. Russell Sage), Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes and Ann Harriman Vanderbilt. Once back in the United States they used not only the design ideas gathered from the model houses but also the financing scheme. The first successful model tenements to be erected in New York City were the Home Building and the Tower Building in Brooklyn. Financed by Alfred Treadway-Wright and designed by William Field and Son they were completed in 1877."&nbsp; &nbsp;[Flandro et al, 2008]&nbsp;
</div>
====Tower Buildings, Brooklyn ====
 
[[File:Tower-Buildings-Brooklyn-1879-1.jpg|thumb|right|600px|Tower Buildings model worker housing, Brooklyn, 1879]]
 
This 1879 building in Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn was built by Alfred Tredway White, "who was born into wealth and who was asked by his Unitarian pastor to investigate the housing of the poor" [Gray 2008]. They are considered the first US "model tenement."&nbsp;
 
"Mr. White said the Tower enterprise returned 6 percent on his investment, and in 1880 The New York Times reported the Tower Buildings had demonstrated to commercial builders that model tenements could be made to pay." [Gray 2008].
 
See Gray (2008),&nbsp;"[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html Architectural Wealth, Built for the Poor]." &nbsp;New York Times. 10 Oct, 2008.&nbsp;http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html.
 
Note: YIMBYwiki editor Tim McCormick lived for seven years near the Tower Buildings.
<br />[[File:2-Warren-Place-Brooklyn-1870s.jpg|thumb|right|700px|2 Warren Place (Warren Mews) worker housing, Brooklyn, 1870s]] Alfred Tredway White also built nearby Warren Mews (2 Warren Place, 1877).. See [Hogarty 2012].&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
== Early public housing in England==
 
 
Government and Royal figures contributed to model-dwelling initiatives such as the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes (1844-) and the1848 World’s Fair's “Model Houses for Families,.”
 
Liverpool - first public housing (it is claimed) [find references]
 
 
Lyle Solla-Yates 🔰🐈 @LyleSollaYates&nbsp;&nbsp;Oct 29, 2017<br /> They're talking about Joseph Chamberlain's 1875 slum clearance of downtown Birmingham, which replaced apartments with Corporation Street
 
<br />
 
=== Corporation Houses on Farringdon Road (1865) ===
Line 216 ⟶ 168:
Langbourne Buildings
 
Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 [UK]<br /> &nbsp;
 
=== Liverpool: St Martin's Cottages, 1869; Victoria Square, 1885 ===
from Stoughton, John. "Municipal Housing in Liverpool before 1914: the ‘first council houses in Europe’". ''Municipal Dreams'' blog, 8 Oct 2013. https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/2013/10/08/liverpool-first-council-houses-in-europe/:
 
"The [1846] Liverpool Sanitary Act – ‘the first piece of comprehensive health legislation passed in England’ – made the Council responsible for drainage, paving, sewerage and cleaning. It also appointed a Council Medical Officer of Health – another first." It was strengthened by a further Act in 1864.
 
[[St-Martins-Cottages_Liverpool_completed-1869_1944-photo.jpg]]
[[St-Martins-Cottages_Liverpool_completed-1869_1944-photo.jpg|476px|thumb|right|St Martin’s Cottages, completed in 1869 in Ashfield Street, Vauxhall]]
 
"The St Martin’s Cottages, completed in 1869 in Ashfield Street, Vauxhall [were] the first council housing to be built in England.  The ‘cottages’ were tenements – 146 flats and maisonettes in two four-storey blocks, brick-built with open staircases and separate WCs placed on the half-landings.  The result was so bleak that even the trade magazine ''The Builder'' concluded that those who built for the poor should ‘mix a little philanthropy with their per-centage calculations’." [Stoughton 2013].
 
 
"The Insanitary Property Committee, established in 1883, gave teeth to the 1864 Act and cleared a notorious area of slum housing in Nash Grove but what to do with those displaced?  The Council still hoped that private enterprise might step up to the challenge but speculative building profits lay in the suburbs.  Once more, the Council undertook to build itself on a plan devised by then City Engineer, Clement Dunscombe." This produced the Victoria Square Dwellings, completed in 1885.
 
 
 
 
 
Liverpool - first public housing (it is claimed) [find references]
 
 
Lyle Solla-Yates 🔰🐈 @LyleSollaYates&nbsp;&nbsp;Oct 29, 2017<br /> They're talking about Joseph Chamberlain's 1875 slum clearance of downtown Birmingham, which replaced apartments with Corporation Street
 
<br />
 
&nbsp;
 
=== Boundary Estate ===
Line 251 ⟶ 229:
</div>&nbsp;
 
 
Housing reform and Model Tenements in the US<div style="clear: both">
A definitive study of US housing reform movement, focusing particularly on New York City, is James Ford. [https://archive.org/details/slumshousingwith0001ford Slums and Housing - With Special Reference to New York City - History, Conditions, Policy]. &nbsp;Harvard University Press, 1936. [Ford 1936].&nbsp;
 
Summarized and extended by helpful paper:&nbsp;<br /> Hoffman, Alexander von. "[https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf. The Origins of American Housing Reform]." Harvard University Joint Center for Housing Studies, publication W98-2, August 1998. &nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
 
====Workingman's Home, NYC, 1855====
 
[[File:Workingmans-Home-NYC-1855.jpg|thumb|right|600px|Workingman's Home, NYC, 1855]]
 
"The first truly 'philanthropic'&nbsp;housing in New York was the Workingman's Home built in 1855 by the New York Association for Improving the Conditions of the Poor. The AICP, founded in 1845...promoted private philanthropy in housing. In 1847 plans of a model block of buildings were drawn up and circulated to builders.&nbsp;
 
"The Workingman's Home was designed by prominent architect John W. Ritch for a narrow parcel between Mott and Elizabeth streeets, north of Canal Street...The galleries were constructed of iron beams with brick arches spanning between, a fireproof construction that had only recently been developed for industrial buildings; probably this was the first residential application. &nbsp;The project is alleged to be the first tenement which provided each tenant with water and water closet
 
"In exchange for these superior amenities, the tenants had to abide by &nbsp;a strict moral and hygienic code that was enforced by the superintendent in charge. Tenant was limited to blacks.&nbsp;
 
"After twelve years the Workingman's Home was sold to a private investor, and it became known as the Big Flat."&nbsp;[Plunz 2016].
 
For an interesting depiction of tenement/boarding-house life around the time of Workingman's Home's creation, see '''Walt Whitman''',&nbsp;"Wicked Architecture" (''Life Illustrated'', July 19,1856) - mainly about dwelling-houses.&nbsp;<br /> Part II from a series, "New York Dissected".&nbsp; https://whitmanarchive.org/published/periodical/journalism/tei/per.00270.html<nowiki/>.&nbsp; It's on Image 5 of the scanned pages.&nbsp;[Whitman 1856].
 
 
===NYC Council of Hygiene's Tenement Survey & model plans===
 
"With the United States government hesitant to intervene in housing problems (the government saw this as an invasion on private property rights), civic groups, architects and philanthropists began to look for possible solutions to the housing conditions in New York in foreign projects, particularly in Britain and France.&nbsp;
 
"In the 1860s were established the New York City Council of Hygiene, a Citizens Association, and the Department of Survey and &nbsp;Inspection of Buildings.&nbsp;A survey of the 15,309 tenement buildings in New York City was completed by the Council of Hygiene and was published in 1865. This study also included the plans for the plans for Waterlow's&nbsp;1863 Improved Dwellings Company buildings, the first Englist model tenement English plans published in the&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;&nbsp;[American] architects that subsequently traveled and investigated these model houses included James E. Ware, Henry Atterbury Smith, Grosvenor Atterbury, Ernest Flagg, and I.N. Phelps-Stokes; and philanthropists Alfred Tredway White, Olivia Sage (Mrs. Russell Sage), Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes and Ann Harriman Vanderbilt. Once back in the United States they used not only the design ideas gathered from the model houses but also the financing scheme. The first successful model tenements to be erected in New York City were the Home Building and the Tower Building in Brooklyn. Financed by Alfred Treadway-Wright and designed by William Field and Son they were completed in 1877."&nbsp; &nbsp;[Flandro et al, 2008]&nbsp;
</div>
====Tower Buildings, Brooklyn ====
 
[[File:Tower-Buildings-Brooklyn-1879-1.jpg|thumb|right|600px|Tower Buildings model worker housing, Brooklyn, 1879]]
 
This 1879 building in Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn was built by Alfred Tredway White, "who was born into wealth and who was asked by his Unitarian pastor to investigate the housing of the poor" [Gray 2008]. They are considered the first US "model tenement."&nbsp;
 
"Mr. White said the Tower enterprise returned 6 percent on his investment, and in 1880 The New York Times reported the Tower Buildings had demonstrated to commercial builders that model tenements could be made to pay." [Gray 2008].
 
See Gray (2008),&nbsp;"[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html Architectural Wealth, Built for the Poor]." &nbsp;New York Times. 10 Oct, 2008.&nbsp;http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html.
 
Note: HousingWiki editor Tim McCormick lived for seven years near the Tower Buildings.
<br />[[File:2-Warren-Place-Brooklyn-1870s.jpg|thumb|right|700px|2 Warren Place (Warren Mews) worker housing, Brooklyn, 1870s]] Alfred Tredway White also built nearby Warren Mews (2 Warren Place, 1877).. See [Hogarty 2012].&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
==United States public housing==
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
Line 488 ⟶ 508:
*Radford, Gail. ''Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era'' (1996).<br /> &nbsp;
*Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, 1884-5 - Report.&nbsp;<br />
*Stoughton, John. "Municipal Housing in Liverpool before 1914: the ‘first council houses in Europe’". ''Municipal Dreams'' blog, 8 Oct 2013. <nowiki>https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/2013/10/08/liverpool-first-council-houses-in-europe/</nowiki>. <br />
*Survey of London. "Farringdon Road." ''Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell''. Ed. Philip Temple. London: London County Council, 2008. 358-384. ''British History Online''. Web. 17 May 2020. <nowiki>http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46/pp358-384</nowiki>.&nbsp;<br />
*Survey of London. "Wombat’s City Hostel, formerly the Sailors’ Home." ''Survey of London'', 19 April 2019. https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/2019/04/19/wombats-city-hostel-formerly-the-sailors-home/
Line 497 ⟶ 518:
*UK House of Commons. short history of over a century of social housing from the House of Commons Library.&nbsp;http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/housing-and-home-life/build-it-up-sell-it-off/.<br /> &nbsp;
* Vale, Lawrence J.. ''From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors.'' (Harvard University Press, 2007).<br /> &nbsp;
*White, Alfred Tredway.&nbsp; ''Improved Dwellings for the Working Classes: The need, and the way to meet it on strict commercial pinciples''. (1877, revised 1879).&nbsp;<br /> ____. ''Better Homes for Workingmen'' (1885).&nbsp;<br /> ____. ''Riverside Buildings ''(1890).<br /> all of above available at:&nbsp; Internet Archive [https://books.google.com/books?id=-hVRAQAAMAAJ [1]].&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Whitman, Walt. "Wicked Architecture" (''Life Illustrated,'' July 19,1856) - mainly about dwelling-houses.&nbsp;Part II from a series, "New York Dissected".<br /> This was unsigned, but has been attributed to Whitman by scholars.&nbsp;https://whitmanarchive.org/published/periodical/journalism/tei/per.00270.html.<br /> On Image 5 of the scanned page images listed.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Wikipedia. "First Houses."&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Houses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Houses.&nbsp;]
 
Retrieved from "https://housing.wiki/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/5944"