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=== '''Trinity Green Almshouses''' '''(1695)''' ===
(formerly '''Trinity Hospital'''), were originally built in 1695 to provide housing for retired sailors, andby arethe Corporation of Trinity House, which is the oldestofficial almshousesauthority for lighthouses in CentralEngland London& Wales, established 1514. On Mile End Road in Whitechapel, they are the oldest almshouses in Central London.
 
"They were built by the Corporation of Trinity House [the official authority for lighthouses in England, Wales, the Channel Islands and Gibraltar, established 1514] to provide housing for "28 decay’d Masters & Commanders of Ships or ye Widows of such"; the land was given to the Corporation by Captain Henry Mudd of Ratcliffe. The almshouses are believed to have been designed by Sir William Ogbourne, and the houses were organised into two rows, with a central green and chapel. The chapel is in the parish of St Dunstan's, Stepney.
 
"In 1735, Trinity Green had 28 people, at a cost of 12 shillings per resident per month. In 1895–96, Trinity Green was threatened with closure, after Sir Frederic Leighton proposed that the almshouses be destroyed. The closure was prevented due to a public campaign led by Charles Robert Ashbee, who set up a ''Committee for the Survey of the Memorials of Greater London'' [still going today, known as the Survey of London, now hosted at University College London, Bartlett School]. The almshouses were the first buildings to be put on his preservation register, which eventually became the listed building system [UK's historic preservation listing system]." -Wikipedia, "Trinity Green Almshouses."
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  [[File:Arkwright-worker-housing-in-Cromford-Village-by-Boughton2.jpg|thumb|400px|Arkwright worker housing, Cromford Village UK]]
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;An early landmark was the planned housing and facilities in mill town [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lanark New Lanark], Scotland, which industrialist and reformer&nbsp;'''Robert Owen&nbsp;'''developed from around 1800-1825 as a model workers town. It became&nbsp;well-known throughout Europe was visited by many reformers and writers.&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> ▼
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltaire Saltaire]&nbsp;in 1853.
▲An early landmark was the planned housing and facilities in mill town [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lanark New Lanark], Scotland, which industrialist and reformer&nbsp;'''Robert Owen&nbsp;'''developed from around 1800-1825 as a model workers town. It became&nbsp;well-known throughout Europe was visited by many reformers and writers.&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournville Bournville]&nbsp;(1879).
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sunlight Port Sunlight]&nbsp;in 1888.
== Exposés, social novels, reform movement ==
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Roberts also designed a model lodging house off Drury Lane in 1846, but both this and Bagnippe Wells have been demolished. <div style="clear: both">
"His next project for the Society, was Parnell House, group of dwellings for 48 families in three blocks built around a courtyard in Streatham Street, near the British Museum, which remains in use as housing. Access to the apartments is by wrought-iron balconies, they are of fireproof construction, and each, at the time of construction, had its own water closet, a revolutionary feature for working class dwellings in England." https://www.erih.net/i-want-to-go-there/site/show/Sites/streatham-street-apartments-parnell-house/.
 
 
 
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"Roberts went on to design the Model Houses shown at the Great Exhibition of the'''1848 World’s Fair,''' hosted in London. Prince Albert sponsored the “Model Houses for Families,” a model tenement which was subsequently built in Bloomsbury, England. Each apartment was cross ventilated -- all rooms had windows that faced either the street of the generously sized courtyard and the staircases were moved to the exterior of the construction, eliminating any dark hallways."<br /> <br /> See image of this&nbsp;in [Mumford, ''The Culture of Cities,''1938] p.212.&nbsp;
 
"The Model Houses for Families are now re-erected in Kennington Park Road."
 
The design was further developed on by Sir Sydney Waterlow and his&nbsp;Improved Dwellings Company for their building in London in 1863. [Flandro et al, 2008].<br /> <br /> Improved Dwellings Company, Limited built the Langbourn Buildings - block of 80 dwellings, 1863.&nbsp;
</div>&nbsp;▼
</div> <blockquote><div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> </blockquote>
<br /> Some&nbsp;philanthropists&nbsp;began to provide housing in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment_building tenement blocks], and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltaire Saltaire]&nbsp;in 1853,&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournville Bournville]&nbsp;(1879), and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sunlight Port Sunlight]&nbsp;in 1888.
 
▲&nbsp;
 
===Housing reform and Model Tenements in the US===
<div style="clear: both">
A definitive study of US housing reform movement, focusing particularly on New York City, is James Ford. [https://archive.org/details/slumshousingwith0001ford Slums and Housing - With Special Reference to New York City - History, Conditions, Policy]. &nbsp;Harvard University Press, 1936. [Ford 1936].&nbsp;
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"With the United States government hesitant to intervene in housing problems (the government saw this as an invasion on private property rights), civic groups, architects and philanthropists began to look for possible solutions to the housing conditions in New York in foreign projects, particularly in Britain and France.&nbsp;
 
"In the 1860s were established the New York City Council of Hygiene, a Citizens Association, and the Department of Survey and &nbsp;Inspection of Buildings.&nbsp;A survey of the 15,309 tenement buildings in New York City was completed by the Council of Hygiene and was published in 1865. This study also included the plans for the plans for Waterlow's&nbsp;1863 Improved Dwellings Company buildings, the first Englist model tenement English plans published in the&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;&nbsp;[American] architects that subsequently traveled and investigated these model houses included James E. Ware, Henry Atterbury Smith, Grosvenor Atterbury, Ernest Flagg, and I.N. Phelps-Stokes; and philanthropists Alfred Tredway White, Olivia Sage (Mrs. Russell Sage), Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes and Ann Harriman Vanderbilt. Once back in the United States they used not only the design ideas gathered from the model houses but also the financing scheme. The first successful model tenements to be erected in New York City were the Home Building and the Tower Building in Brooklyn. Financed by Alfred Treadway-Wright and designed by William Field and Son they were completed in 1877."&nbsp; &nbsp;[Flandro et al, 2008].&nbsp;
</div>
</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
====Tower Buildings, Brooklyn ====
 
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Note: YIMBYwiki editor Tim McCormick lived for seven years near the Tower Buildings.
<br />[[File:2-Warren-Place-Brooklyn-1870s.jpg|thumb|right|700px|2 Warren Place (Warren Mews) worker housing, Brooklyn, 1870s]] Alfred Tredway White also built nearby Warren Mews (2 Warren Place, 1877).. See [Hogarty 2012].&nbsp;▼
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
▲[[File:2-Warren-Place-Brooklyn-1870s.jpg|thumb|right|700px|2 Warren Place (Warren Mews) worker housing, Brooklyn, 1870s]] Alfred Tredway White also built nearby Warren Mews (2 Warren Place, 1877).. See [Hogarty 2012].&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
=== Early public housing in England===
 
Liverpool - first public housing (it is claimed) [find references]▼
 
Government and Royal figures contributed to model-dwelling initiatives such as the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes (1844-) and the1848 World’s Fair's “Model Houses for Families,”
The&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation City of London Corporation]&nbsp;built&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenements tenements]&nbsp;in the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farringdon_Road Farringdon Road]&nbsp;in 1865.<br /> (see image of it in [Mumford 1938] p.212.).&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
▲Liverpool - first public housing (it is claimed) [find references]
 
&nbsp;
 
Lyle Solla-Yates 🔰🐈 @LyleSollaYates&nbsp;&nbsp;Oct 29, 2017<br /> They're talking about Joseph Chamberlain's 1875 slum clearance of downtown Birmingham, which replaced apartments with Corporation Street
 
<br />
&nbsp;
 
=== Corporation Houses on Farringdon Road (1865) ===
Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 [UK]<br /> &nbsp;▼
"The City of London Corporation built tenements in Farringdon Road in 1865, but this was an isolated instance. The first council to build housing as an integrated policy was Liverpool Corporation, starting with St Martin's Cottages in Ashfield Street, Vauxhall, completed in 1869. The Corporation then built Victoria Square Dwellings, opened by Home Secretary Sir Richard Cross in 1885." -Wikipedia.
 
The world’s first large-scale [public] housing project&nbsp;was also built in London, to replace one of the capital’s most notorious slums – the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nichol Old Nichol].Nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday.&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Morrison Arthur Morrison]&nbsp;wrote the influential&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child_of_the_Jago A Child of the Jago]'', an account of the life of a child in the slum, which sparked a public outcry.▼
 
"In some respects an archetypal Victorian improvement, Farringdon Road was nevertheless the final stage in a piece of town planning begun in the mid-eighteenth century, while in general terms it had been conceived of even earlier. A road through the Fleet valley linking the City with western Clerkenwell was part of Wren's thinking for his projected reconstruction of London after the Great Fire."
Redevelopment had been resisted by members of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry Bethnall Green vestry]&nbsp;(parish) who owned much of the rookery, and were responsible for electing members of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works Metropolitan Board of Works].&nbsp;The powers the vestries and board were limited to the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McCullagh_Torrens Torrens Act]&nbsp;and the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_Act&action=edit&redlink=1 Cross Act]&nbsp;which the Bethnall Green vestry refused to use.▼
 
"For years, Farringdon Road was characterized by the wasteland of cleared sites and shored-up houses through which it passed. Building development, mostly for manufacturing and warehousing, but with some block dwellings, terrace-houses and pubs, did not begin until the mid-1860s."
It was in 1885, after the report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, 1884-5, that the national&nbsp;government first took an interest. This led to the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_of_the_Working_Classes_Act_1885 Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885], which empowered&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Board Local Government Boards]&nbsp;to shut down unhealthy properties and encouraged them to improve the housing in their areas.▼
 
"It was not for a decade after clearance began that the subject of social housing provision seems to have been considered at all. A clause in the 1851 Clerkenwell Improvement Act (which transferred control of the entire improvement scheme to the City) authorized the City Corporation to build dwellings for the poor, either on the cleared land or sites bought elsewhere for the purpose. There was, however, no obligation placed on it to do so.
"[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council London County Council]&nbsp;was created by the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888 Local Government (England and Wales) Act 1888], some 53 years after other major cities had been municipalised. It took responsibility for the housing of the working classes from the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works Metropolitan Board of Works].&nbsp;&nbsp;In the first election, the progressives obtained a large majority. The Housing Committee secured from Parliament the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_of_the_Working_Classes_Act_1890 Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890], which gave it powers to implement the Torrens and Cross acts, and gave legal basis for it to manage housing estates. LCC chose Boundary Street as their flagship scheme.&nbsp;Initially they attempted to get the private sector involved but failed. In 1893, on the back of the 1892&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnel Blackwall Tunnel]&nbsp;Act they gained permission from the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary Home Secretary], to rebuild as small section of the scheme."<br /> -Wikipedia. "Boundary Estate."&nbsp;▼
 
"In the mid- 1850s the Corporation did begin to stir itself to action. Model dwellings in London were investigated, funds allocated, a site on the west side of Turnmill Street was acquired and cleared, and plans were prepared by the City Architect....Doubts as to the financial viability of the scheme, prompted by the disappointing returns so far obtained by the Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrious Classes from their property, caused the scheme to be abruptly dropped."
 
"When the subject was revived in 1863 the agenda was different. Thanks to the efforts of the philanthropist (Sir) Sydney Waterlow, a Common Councilman and later Alderman, the Corporation had been persuaded to consider housing from a moral rather than business standpoint. Building homes for the poor might lose money, but it would do something to offset the problems brought about by large-scale improvement schemes. Waterlow had recently built, at his own expense, a remunerative block of model dwellings in Mark Street, Finsbury (Langbourne Buildings), and in 1863 founded the Improved Industrial Dwellings Co. to carry out further developments. He argued convincingly that the Corporation should assist those whose homes had been destroyed.
 
"The result was Corporation Buildings, erected in the mid-1860s. Farringdon Road Buildings, erected by the Metropolitan Association, followed in the 1870s, nearly opposite the earlier blocks. Two other large groups of model dwellings with frontages to Farringdon Road were built later on, in the early 1880s. The Peabody Trust (which had attempted to obtain a site in Farringdon Road in 1863) built on the large Pear Tree Court site between Clerkenwell Close and Farringdon Lane. The other development (mostly outside Clerkenwell in the Liberty of Saffron Hill) was Victoria Dwellings in Clerkenwell Road, one block of which fronted Farringdon Road at No. 97.
 
'''Corporation Buildings (demolished)'''
 
"The City's model dwellings, Corporation Buildings, were not only a pioneering venture for the Corporation itself, but the first 'council housing' to be provided in England. They were built in 1864–5, and the site—the corner on the north side of Ray Street, now occupied by the offices of the ''Guardian'' (see page 383)—was the first to be developed along the new Farringdon Road.
 
"Plans for the buildings were drawn up in 1863–4 by Alfred Allen, chief clerk in the City Architect's department, who had taken over most of the running of the office on account of the illness and resignation of J. B. Bunning. (fn. 111) His façades, designed 'with strict regard to economy', were modified at a late stage by Bunning's successor, Horace Jones, who realized that a slightly more ornamental building would help attract developers to Farringdon Road, and 'ultimately prove the truest economy'. (fn. 112) The scheme incorporated a row of shops along the main front and warehouse space in the basements: these features were seen by Allen as of some importance, helping to harmonize the blocks with the intended largely commercial character of the road, as well as providing a financial return...Many dwellings were occupied before the whole development was finished.
 
"Jones's modifications apart, in general appearance, as in planning, Corporation Buildings were very similar to the Mark Street dwellings erected by Sydney Waterlow. These had been designed by another Worship Street builder, Matthew Allen, but derived from the type devised for Prince Albert by Henry Roberts, which had formed part of the Great Exhibition."
 
-- from Survey of London (2008). "Farringdon Road." ''Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell''. Ed. Philip Temple. London: London County Council, 2008. 358-384. ''British History Online''. Web. 17 May 2020. <nowiki>http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46/pp358-384</nowiki>.&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;
 
Farringdon Road Buildings, built by Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrial Poor in mid-1870s opposite Corporation Buildings.
====Boundary Estate&nbsp;====▼
 
(an image of it was included in Mumford, ''The Culture of Cities,''1938, p.212..&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
 
Langbourne Buildings
 
▲Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 [UK]<br /> &nbsp;
 
▲==== Boundary Estate&nbsp;= ===
▲"The world’s first large-scale [public] housing project&nbsp;was also built in London, to replace one of the capital’s most notorious slums – the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nichol Old Nichol]. Nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday.&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Morrison Arthur Morrison]&nbsp;wrote the influential&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child_of_the_Jago A Child of the Jago]'', an account of the life of a child in the slum, which sparked a public outcry.
 
▲"Redevelopment had been resisted by members of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestry Bethnall Green vestry]&nbsp;(parish) who owned much of the rookery, and were responsible for electing members of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works Metropolitan Board of Works].&nbsp;The powers the vestries and board were limited to the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McCullagh_Torrens Torrens Act]&nbsp;and the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_Act&action=edit&redlink=1 Cross Act]&nbsp;which the Bethnall Green vestry refused to use.
 
▲"It was in 1885, after the report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, 1884-5, that the national&nbsp;government first took an interest. This led to the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_of_the_Working_Classes_Act_1885 Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885], which empowered&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Board Local Government Boards]&nbsp;to shut down unhealthy properties and encouraged them to improve the housing in their areas.
 
▲"[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council London County Council]&nbsp;was created by the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888 Local Government (England and Wales) Act 1888], some 53 years after other major cities had been municipalised. It took responsibility for the housing of the working classes from the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works Metropolitan Board of Works].&nbsp;&nbsp;In the first election, the progressives obtained a large majority. The Housing Committee secured from Parliament the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_of_the_Working_Classes_Act_1890 Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890], which gave it powers to implement the Torrens and Cross acts, and gave legal basis for it to manage housing estates. LCC chose Boundary Street as their flagship scheme.&nbsp;Initially they attempted to get the private sector involved but failed. In 1893, on the back of the 1892&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnel Blackwall Tunnel]&nbsp;Act they gained permission from the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary Home Secretary], to rebuild asa small section of the scheme."<br /> -Wikipedia. "Boundary Estate."&nbsp;
 
[[File:Boundary-Estate-Hurley-House.jpg|thumb|right|Boundary Estate, London, 1890-1900]]
 
"Construction of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Estate Boundary Estate]&nbsp;was begun in 1890 by the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works Metropolitan Board of Works]&nbsp;and completed by the recently formed&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council London County Council]&nbsp;in 1900.▼
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Estate Boundary Street]&nbsp;1890, three years later, the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council London County Council]&nbsp;began&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum_clearance slum clearance]
 
"Whilst the new flats replaced the existing slums, with decent accommodation for the same number of people, it wasn't the same group of people. The original inhabitants were forced further to the East, creating new overcrowding and new slums in areas such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalston Dalston]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green Bethnal Green]. At this time, no help was available to find new accommodation for the displaced, and this added to the suffering and misery of many of the former residents of the slum. The new blocks had policies to enforce sobriety and the new tenants were clerks, policemen, cigarmakers and nurses."<br /> -Wikipedia. "Boundary Estate."&nbsp;▼
▲Construction of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Estate Boundary Estate]&nbsp;was begun in 1890 by the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works Metropolitan Board of Works]&nbsp;and completed by the recently formed&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council London County Council]&nbsp;in 1900.
 
▲"Whilst the new flats replaced the existing slums, with decent accommodation for the same number of people, it wasn't the same group of people. The original inhabitants were forced further to the East, creating new overcrowding and new slums in areas such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalston Dalston]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green Bethnal Green]. At this time, no help was available to find new accommodation for the displaced, and this added to the suffering and misery of many of the former residents of the slum. The new blocks had policies to enforce sobriety and the new tenants were clerks, policemen, cigarmakers and nurses."<br /> -Wikipedia. "Boundary Estate."&nbsp;
 
From&nbsp;''A Child of the Jago&nbsp;''(1896)
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*Comptroller General of the United States. "[https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf Section 236 Rental Housing -- An Evaluation With Lessons For The Future.]"&nbsp;PAD-78-13 JANUARY 10, 1978.&nbsp;https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf<br /> ''"This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of the section 236 program; compares section 236 to many other Federal programs;<br /> and discusses investment incentives, program equity, subsidized tenants and program impact. The 236 program has succeded in providing nearly half a million housing units to an income group which is now largely excluded from housing assistance.<br /> It contains recommendations to the Congress and the Department of Housing and Urban Development which would assure that moderate income households receive a reasonable share of future housing assistance."''<br /> &nbsp;
*Congressional Research Service. "[https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy]." July 22, 2008 – March 27, 2019. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html.<br />
*Conrad, Joseph. (1912) "A Friendly Place/" ''Notes on Life and Letters'', 1912, p. 203. cited in [Survey of London, 2019].<br />
*Curl, James S. (1983). ''The life and work of Henry Roberts, 1803-1876: the evangelical conscience and the campaign for model housing and healthy nations''. Chichester : Phillimore, 1983. <br />
*Douglas, Paul. ''The Coming of a New Party''.&nbsp;(1932). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004856913&view=1up&seq=11. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004856913&view=1up&seq=11.&nbsp;] [version with images viewable online; text-only version downloadable as PDF].<br /> &nbsp;
*Flandro et al (2008). "[https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives Progressive Housing in New York City: A Closer Look at Model Tenements and Finnish Cooperatives]."<br /> (Xsusha Carlyann Flandro, Christine Huh, Negin Maleki, Mariana Sarango-Manaças, & Jennifer Schork; for Historical Preservation Graduate Studio II, Columbia University, Spring 2008).&nbsp;<br /> [https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives. https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives.&nbsp;]<br /> &nbsp;
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*Radford, Gail. ''Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era'' (1996).<br /> &nbsp;
*Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, 1884-5 - Report.&nbsp;<br />
*Survey of London. "Farringdon Road." ''Survey of London: Volume 46, South and East Clerkenwell''. Ed. Philip Temple. London: London County Council, 2008. 358-384. ''British History Online''. Web. 17 May 2020. <nowiki>http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol46/pp358-384</nowiki>.&nbsp;<br />
*Survey of London. "Wombat’s City Hostel, formerly the Sailors’ Home." ''Survey of London'', 19 April 2019. https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/2019/04/19/wombats-city-hostel-formerly-the-sailors-home/
*Survey of London. "The History of the Survey of London." accessed 17 April, 2020. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london.]<br /> &nbsp;
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