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An early landmark was the planned housing and facilities in mill town [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lanark New Lanark], Scotland, which industrialist and reformer '''Robert Owen '''developed from around 1800-1825 as a model workers town. It became well-known throughout Europe was visited by many reformers and writers.  
== Exposés, social novels, reform movement ==
By the 1840s in the UK, there was widespread public concern about unsanitary or inhumane conditions in working-class housing, and the relative possibility of violent mass uprising such as growing out of the Chartist movement. The factories and slums of Manchester attracted many visitors and writers from around the UK and the world starting in the early 19th C., perhaps most famously Engels who wrote based on it ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'' (1844).'' ''Thanks to extensive journalistic, sociological, and literary interest -- e.g. Elizabeth Gaskell's and Charles Dickens' widely popular novels -- in these 19thC UK slum conditions, we have an extensive and diverse written record of the conditions there and how responses to them helped produce reformist movements including company towns (e.g. Robert Owens, Borneville), private social housing and model tenements, and early public housing. ▼
 
===The slum city in literature and reports===
The publication of the ''Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain'' (1842), authored by Edwin Chadwick, was highly influential in fostering the new attitude toward poverty and the urban environment. It also inspired a similar, and similarly influential work in the US,  Dr. John H. Griscom. ''The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of New York'' in (1845). Griscom's work was the first to use the term "How the other half lives", which Jacob Riis would employ fifty years later for the title of his best-selling exposé of the slum [noted in Hoffman 1998].  ▼
▲By the 1840s1830s in the UK, there was widespread public concern about unsanitary or inhumane conditions in working-class housing, and the relative possibility of violent mass uprising such as growing out of the Chartist movement. The factories and slums of Manchester attracted many visitors and writers from around the UK and the world starting in the early 19th C., perhaps most famously Engels who wrote based on it ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'' (1844).'' ''Thanks to extensive journalistic, sociological, and literary interest -- e.g. Elizabeth Gaskell's and Charles Dickens' widely popular novels -- in these 19thC UK slum conditions, we have an extensive and diverse written record of the conditions there and how responses to them helped produce reformist movements including company towns (e.g. Robert Owens, Borneville), private social housing and model tenements, and early public housing. 
 
The factories and slums of Manchester were a particular focus for visitors and writers interested in industrialization, from around the UK and the world, starting in the early 19th C. Reports such as Kay's ''The moral and physical condition of the working classes employed in the cotton manufacture in Manchester'' (1832) and '''Engels'''<nowiki/>' ''The Condition of the Working Class in England'' (1844).''&nbsp;''described shocking squalor in housing conditions, noting that much of was in relatively new housing, since population growth had been so rapid and recent there.
Also In the 1840s, Henry Mayhew observed, documented, and described the state of working people in&nbsp;London&nbsp;for a series of articles in a newspaper, the&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Chronicle Morning Chronicle]'', that were later compiled into book form as&nbsp;''London Labour and the London Poor&nbsp;''(1851).&nbsp; Mayhew coined a famous expression of the idea of distinguishing between deserving and non-deserving poor:&nbsp; "those that will work, those that cannot work, and those that will not work."<br /><div style="clear: both">▼
 
=== Model dwelling companies, 1842- ===▼
▲The publication of the ''Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain''&nbsp;(1842), authored by&nbsp;'''Edwin Chadwick''',&nbsp;was highly influential in fostering the new attitude toward poverty and the urban environment. It also inspired a similar, and similarly influential work in the US,&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Dr. John H. Griscom'''.&nbsp;''The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of New York'' in (1845). Griscom's work was the first to use the term "How the other half lives",&nbsp;which '''Jacob Riis''' would employ fifty years later for the title of his best-selling exposé of the slumslums [noted in Hoffman 1998].&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
▲Also Inin the late 1840s, '''Henry Mayhew''' observed, documented, and described the state of working people in&nbsp;London&nbsp;for a series of articles in a newspaper, the&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Chronicle Morning Chronicle]'', that were later compiled into book form as&nbsp;''London Labour and the London Poor&nbsp;''(1851).&nbsp; Mayhew coined a famous expression of the idea of distinguishing between deserving and non-deserving poor:&nbsp; "those that will work, those that cannot work, and those that will not work."<br /><div style="clear: both">
'''Elizabeth Gaskell''', of Manchester, became famous for writing the best-selling ''Mary Barton: A Tale of Manchester Life'' (1848), set among mill workers in Manchester between1839 and 1842.
 
'''Charles Dickens''' was strongly interested in housing condititions of the London poor, and publicly campaigned with speeches and articles on it, as well as treating of it in widely and internationally popular novels, and publishing related work by other authors such as Gaskell. Carter [2007] observes:<blockquote>''"Charles Dickens showed great concern for the despicable conditions of London slums and campaigned for their improvement. His hatred of slums and the governmental practices that allowed them to exist is especially apparent around the time he began conceiving and writing Bleak House (published in installments from March 1852 through September 1853). In the new preface to Martin Chuzzlewit of November 1849, he upholds literature's utility in social activism: "In all my writings, I hope I have taken every available opportunity to showing the want of sanitary improvements in the neglected dwellings of the poor" (qtd. in Butt, p. 11).''
 
</div> <div style="clear: both">Around the same time, novelist Charles Dickens took a strong interest in housing condititions of the London poor. Carter [2007] observes:&nbsp;</div> <blockquote><div style="clear: both">''"Charles Dickens showed great concern for the despicable conditions of London slums and campaigned for their improvement. His hatred of slums and the governmental practices that allowed them to exist is especially apparent around the time he began conceiving and writing Bleak House (published in installments from March 1852 through September 1853). In the new preface to Martin Chuzzlewit of November 1849, he upholds literature's utility in social activism:<br/> <br/> "In all my writings, I hope I have taken every available opportunity to showing the want of sanitary improvements in the neglected dwellings of the poor" (qtd. in Butt, p. 11). He published several articles on the subject, such as "Health by Act of Parliament, "A Home Question," and "Commission and Omission," in 1850 editions of Household Words. Again in 1850, he made a speech to The Metropolitan Sanitary Association condemning slum landlords and local politicians and, in 1852, he advised philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts on the model flats she was financing for London's Columbia Square (Blount 341). In Bleak House, the theme of sanitation, or the lack thereof, surfaces prominently in Dickens's treatment of the brick-maker's house and Tom-all-Alone's. Dickens actually used "Tom-All-Alone's" as a working title for Bleak House, further demonstrating slums' importance for the novel."''</divblockquote> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> </blockquote> ▼
 
▲=== Model dwelling companies, 1842- ===
[[File:SICLC-Bagnippe-Wells-estate-1844-1.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Bagnippe Wells model housing, first project of the SICLC, 1844]]
 
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In 1844 the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labourer's_Friend_Society '''Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes'''] was formed, growing out of The Labourer’s Friend Society. &nbsp;S.I.C.L.C. worked to impove and reform both rural housing and urban housing for industrial workers. It was a private, dividend-paying society accepting investments, but on which the annual dividend was limited by its charter.&nbsp; Various other so-called "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_dwellings_company model dwelling companies]" arose at that time, building housing in cities throughout the UK but particularly in London.&nbsp;Their model of combining&nbsp;philanthropic&nbsp;intention with&nbsp;capitalist&nbsp;return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy". The model dwelling societies&nbsp;received patronage from industrialist&nbsp;and aristocratic patrons, notably&nbsp;Queen Victoria's support for&nbsp;the S.I.C.L.C.&nbsp;
</div>[[File:SICLC-Bagnippe-Wells-estate-1844-2.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Bagnippe Wells model housing, 1844]]"The prototype for such blocks was the Sailors’ Home (see section above) in Well Street, Whitechapel (now demolished), opened in 1835 and designed by '''Henry Roberts''' (1803-76) the architect who set the pattern for philanthropic housing schemes in London, and influenced developments in Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Russia.
 
"In 1844 Roberts was a founder member of the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes, for whom he designed a landmark project of the model-dwelling company movement, the '''Bagnippe Wells''' estate (see image right), built in 1844 in Lower Road, Pentonville, Southwark, London.&nbsp;“This scheme was the first attempt in the metropolis to provide the working class with some kind of new and appropriate housing, specially designed for the purpose, and it was the first time that an architect had lent his skill to such a humble work.” - [Tarn 1973].&nbsp;
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The design was further developed on by Sir Sydney Waterlow and his&nbsp;Improved Dwellings Company for their building in London in 1863. [Flandro et al, 2008].<br /> <br /> Improved Dwellings Company, Limited built the Langbourn Buildings - block of 80 dwellings, 1863.&nbsp;
</div> <blockquote><div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> </blockquote>
▲</div> <div style="clear: both">Around the same time, novelist Charles Dickens took a strong interest in housing condititions of the London poor. Carter [2007] observes:&nbsp;</div> <blockquote><div style="clear: both">''"Charles Dickens showed great concern for the despicable conditions of London slums and campaigned for their improvement. His hatred of slums and the governmental practices that allowed them to exist is especially apparent around the time he began conceiving and writing Bleak House (published in installments from March 1852 through September 1853). In the new preface to Martin Chuzzlewit of November 1849, he upholds literature's utility in social activism:<br/> <br/> "In all my writings, I hope I have taken every available opportunity to showing the want of sanitary improvements in the neglected dwellings of the poor" (qtd. in Butt, p. 11). He published several articles on the subject, such as "Health by Act of Parliament, "A Home Question," and "Commission and Omission," in 1850 editions of Household Words. Again in 1850, he made a speech to The Metropolitan Sanitary Association condemning slum landlords and local politicians and, in 1852, he advised philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts on the model flats she was financing for London's Columbia Square (Blount 341). In Bleak House, the theme of sanitation, or the lack thereof, surfaces prominently in Dickens's treatment of the brick-maker's house and Tom-all-Alone's. Dickens actually used "Tom-All-Alone's" as a working title for Bleak House, further demonstrating slums' importance for the novel."''</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> </blockquote>
<br /> Some&nbsp;philanthropists&nbsp;began to provide housing in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment_building tenement blocks], and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltaire Saltaire]&nbsp;in 1853,&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournville Bournville]&nbsp;(1879), and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sunlight Port Sunlight]&nbsp;in 1888.
 
&nbsp;
 
=== Housing reform and Model Tenements in the US ===
<div style="clear: both">
A definitive study of US housing reform movement, focusing particularly on New York City, is James Ford. [https://archive.org/details/slumshousingwith0001ford Slums and Housing - With Special Reference to New York City - History, Conditions, Policy]. &nbsp;Harvard University Press, 1936. [Ford 1936].&nbsp;
 
Summarized and extended by helpful paper:&nbsp;<br /> Hoffman, Alexander von. "[https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf. The Origins of American Housing Reform]." Harvard University Joint Center for Housing Studies, publication W98-2, August 1998. &nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
 
==== Workingman's Home, NYC, 1855 ====
 
[[File:Workingmans-Home-NYC-1855.jpg|thumb|right|600px|Workingman's Home, NYC, 1855]]
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"In exchange for these superior amenities, the tenants had to abide by &nbsp;a strict moral and hygienic code that was enforced by the superintendent in charge. Tenant was limited to blacks.&nbsp;
 
"After twelve years the Workingman's Home was sold to a private investor, and it became known as the Big Flat."&nbsp;[Plunz 2016].For an interesting depiction of tenement/boarding-house life around the time of Workingman's Home's creation, see '''Walt Whitman''',&nbsp;"Wicked Architecture" (''Life Illustrated'', July 19,1856) - mainly about dwelling-houses.&nbsp;<br /> Part II from a series, "New York Dissected".&nbsp;<br /> https://whitmanarchive.org/published/periodical/journalism/tei/per.00270.html<nowiki/>.&nbsp; It's on Image 5 of the scanned pages.&nbsp;[Whitman 1856].
 
=== NYC Council of Hygiene's Tenement Survey & model plans ===
 
"With the United States government hesitant to intervene in housing problems (the government saw this as an invasion on private property rights), civic groups, architects and philanthropists began to look for possible solutions to the housing conditions in New York in foreign projects, particularly in Britain and France.&nbsp;
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"In the 1860s were established the New York City Council of Hygiene, a Citizens Association, and the Department of Survey and &nbsp;Inspection of Buildings.&nbsp;A survey of the 15,309 tenement buildings in New York City was completed by the Council of Hygiene and was published in 1865. This study also included the plans for the plans for Waterlow's&nbsp;1863 Improved Dwellings Company buildings, the first Englist model tenement English plans published in the&nbsp;U.S.&nbsp;&nbsp;[American] architects that subsequently traveled and investigated these model houses included James E. Ware, Henry Atterbury Smith, Grosvenor Atterbury, Ernest Flagg, and I.N. Phelps-Stokes; and philanthropists Alfred Tredway White, Olivia Sage (Mrs. Russell Sage), Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes and Ann Harriman Vanderbilt. Once back in the United States they used not only the design ideas gathered from the model houses but also the financing scheme. The first successful model tenements to be erected in New York City were the Home Building and the Tower Building in Brooklyn. Financed by Alfred Treadway-Wright and designed by William Field and Son they were completed in 1877."&nbsp; &nbsp;[Flandro et al, 2008].
</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
==== Tower Buildings, Brooklyn ====
 
[[File:Tower-Buildings-Brooklyn-1879-1.jpg|thumb|right|600px|Tower Buildings model worker housing, Brooklyn, 1879]]
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"Mr. White said the Tower enterprise returned 6 percent on his investment, and in 1880 The New York Times reported the Tower Buildings had demonstrated to commercial builders that model tenements could be made to pay." [Gray 2008].
 
See Gray (2008),&nbsp;"[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html Architectural Wealth, Built for the Poor]." &nbsp;New York Times. 10 Oct, 2008.&nbsp;[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html].
 
Note: YIMBYwiki editor Tim McCormick lived for seven years near the Tower Buildings.
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&nbsp;
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
=== Early public housing in England ===
 
Liverpool - first public housing (it is claimed) [find references]
 
The&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation City of London Corporation]&nbsp;built&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenements tenements]&nbsp;in the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farringdon_Road Farringdon Road]&nbsp;in 1865.<br /> (see image of it in [Mumford 1938] p.212.).&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;
 
Lyle Solla-Yates 🔰🐈 @LyleSollaYates&nbsp;&nbsp;Oct 29, 2017<br /> They're talking about Joseph Chamberlain's 1875 slum clearance of downtown Birmingham, which replaced apartments with Corporation Street
 
&nbsp;
 
Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 [UK]<br /> &nbsp;
 
The world’s first large-scale [public] housing project&nbsp;was also built in London, to replace one of the capital’s most notorious slums – the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Nichol Old Nichol].Nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday.&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Morrison Arthur Morrison]&nbsp;wrote the influential&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child_of_the_Jago A Child of the Jago]'', an account of the life of a child in the slum, which sparked a public outcry.
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It was in 1885, after the report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, 1884-5, that the national&nbsp;government first took an interest. This led to the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_of_the_Working_Classes_Act_1885 Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885], which empowered&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Board Local Government Boards]&nbsp;to shut down unhealthy properties and encouraged them to improve the housing in their areas.
 
"[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council London County Council]&nbsp;was created by the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888 Local Government (England and Wales) Act 1888], some 53 years after other major cities had been municipalised. It took responsibility for the housing of the working classes from the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works Metropolitan Board of Works].&nbsp;&nbsp;In the first election, the progressives obtained a large majority. The Housing Committee secured from Parliament the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_of_the_Working_Classes_Act_1890 Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890], which gave it powers to implement the Torrens and Cross acts, and gave legal basis for it to manage housing estates. LCC chose Boundary Street as their flagship scheme.&nbsp;Initially they attempted to get the private sector involved but failed. In 1893, on the back of the 1892&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnel Blackwall Tunnel]&nbsp;Act they gained permission from the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary Home Secretary], to rebuild as small section of the scheme."<br /> -Wikipedia. "Boundary Estate."&nbsp;
 
&nbsp;
 
==== Boundary Estate&nbsp; ====
 
[[File:Boundary-Estate-Hurley-House.jpg|thumb|right|Boundary Estate, London, 1890-1900]]
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Construction of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_Estate Boundary Estate]&nbsp;was begun in 1890 by the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works Metropolitan Board of Works]&nbsp;and completed by the recently formed&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council London County Council]&nbsp;in 1900.
 
"Whilst the new flats replaced the existing slums, with decent accommodation for the same number of people, it wasn't the same group of people. The original inhabitants were forced further to the East, creating new overcrowding and new slums in areas such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalston Dalston]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethnal_Green Bethnal Green]. At this time, no help was available to find new accommodation for the displaced, and this added to the suffering and misery of many of the former residents of the slum. The new blocks had policies to enforce sobriety and the new tenants were clerks, policemen, cigarmakers and nurses."<br /> -Wikipedia. "Boundary Estate."&nbsp;
 
From&nbsp;''A Child of the Jago&nbsp;''(1896)
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&nbsp;
 
On 19thC London private social housing, some sources noted in:&nbsp;<br /> Gill, Stephen. "Notes" to Oxford University Press edition of ''The Nether World'' by George Gissing. 1992:<br /> &nbsp;
 
[[File:Notes-on-Gissings-Nether-World.jpg|thumb|left|500px|alt text]]
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</div>&nbsp;
 
== United States public housing ==
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
[[File:Mare-Island-Vallejo-USHC-housing-1919.jpg|thumb|right|600px|USHC worker housing at Mare Island, Vallejo, California. 1915 plan]]
 
=== <br/> World War 1 worker housing ===
 
Ben-Joseph, Eran. "[http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/ww1/ww1a.html Workers' Paradise: The Forgotten Communities of World War I]."&nbsp; Online research project, MIT School of Architecture+ Planning.&nbsp;<br /> [http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/ww1/ww1a.html http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/ww1/ww1a.html].
 
"In 1917 the United States Government embarked upon an unprecedented experiment- the planning and construction of neighborhoods and housing for American workers and their families. Within a period of two years over 83 new housing projects in 26 States were designed, planned and had commenced construction. The achievements of this effort are staggering. Within few years 5,033 acres were developed into housing for over 170,000 people. Almost 30,000 families lived in 9,543 single and 3,996 semi-detached homes while 5,000 apartments housed single workers. Eighteen schools, 8 hospitals, 17 churches and 8 theaters provided social and cultural services. Over 649,505 liner feet of state of the art sewer and water infrastructure insured an unprecedented level of hygiene and health.
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&nbsp;
 
=== Milwaukie's Garden Homes development,1923 ===
 
The&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee,_Wisconsin City of Milwaukee], under socialist mayor&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hoan Daniel Hoan], implemented the country's first public housing project, known as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Homes_Historic_District_(Milwaukee,_Wisconsin) Garden Homes], in 1923. This experiment with a municipally-sponsored housing cooperative saw initial success, but was plagued by development and land acquisition problems, and the board overseeing the project dissolved the Gardens Home Corporation just two years after construction on the homes was completed.
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Today the area is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Homes_Historic_District_(Milwaukee,_Wisconsin) Garden Homes Historic District], containing all of the 93 original buildings, comprising 105 housing units.
 
=== <br/> Senator Paul Douglas' call for Vienna-style public housing, 1932 ===
 
Illinois Senator Paul Douglas published&nbsp;"The Coming of a New Party" in 1932 [Douglas 1932], calling for a US equivalent to the UK Labour Party. Among other topics, he also proposed mixed-income public housing, adapted from the Vienna model, paid for with rents, land value tax, and Federal subsidies.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
 
=== New York City Housing Authority - First Houses, 1935 ===
 
First Houses take their name from their distinction of being the first public housing units constructed in the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States United States],&nbsp;opening for the first tenants on December 3, 1935.&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture Victorian]-era&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenement tenements]&nbsp;existed on the site before they were cleared to build the project, which was also the very first project undertaken by the city's new&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority Housing Authority]. The units opened in December 1935.
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&nbsp;
 
=== Federal Public Works Administration (PWA), 1933- ===
 
"Permanent, federally funded housing came into being in the United States as a part of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Title II, Section 202 of the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act National Industrial Recovery Act], passed June 16, 1933, directed the Public Works Administration (PWA) to develop a program for the "construction, reconstruction, alteration, or repair under public regulation or control of low-cost housing and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum_clearance slum clearance]&nbsp;projects...". Led by the Housing Division of the PWA and headed by architect&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_D._Kohn Robert Kohn], the initial, Limited-Dividend Program aimed to provide low-interest loans to public or private groups to fund the construction of low-income housing."
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&nbsp;
 
=== 1960s private-sector subsidized housing programs ===
 
from:&nbsp; Congressional Research Service. "Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy."&nbsp;July 22, 2008 – March 27, 2019.&nbsp;
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Evaluations of Section 236 program:&nbsp;
 
*Comptroller General of the United States. "[https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf Section 236 Rental Housing -- An Evaluation With Lessons For The Future.]"&nbsp;PAD-78-13 JANUARY 10, 1978.&nbsp;[https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf]<br /> ''"This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of the section 236 program; compares section 236 to many other Federal programs; and discusses investment incentives, program equity, subsidized tenants and program impact. The 236 program has succeded in providing nearly half a million housing units to an income group which is now largely excluded from housing assistance. It contains recommendations to the Congress and the Department of Housing and Urban Development which would assure that moderate income households receive a reasonable share of future housing assistance."''<br /> &nbsp;
*Government Accountability Office, United States (GAO). "[https://www.gao.gov/mobile/products/PAD-78-62 Section 236 Rental Housing: An Assessment of HUD's Comments on GAO's Evaluations.]" PAD-78-62,&nbsp;Apr 20, 1978.&nbsp;[https://www.gao.gov/mobile/products/PAD-78-62 https://www.gao.gov/mobile/products/PAD-78-62].
 
&nbsp;
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&nbsp;
 
=== Contemporary mixed or middle-income housing ===
 
Headwaters Apartment & Headwaters Village, Portland.&nbsp;
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&nbsp;
 
== Austria ==
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx-Hof Karl Marx-Hof], the most famous&nbsp;municipal public&nbsp;housing building in Vienna.&nbsp;
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&nbsp;
 
== France&nbsp; ==
 
=== HBM - habitation à bon marché ===
 
"inexpensive housing" system established in France in 1894 via the Siegfried law, financed mainly by charitable sources. Predecessor to HLM system.
 
=== HLM: Habitation à Loyer Modéré ===
 
("rent-controlled housing"), a form of private or public social housing in France, Algeria, Senegal, Quebec; started 1950. 16% of French housing. 1998 law requires French towns to have 20%+ HLM. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLM https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLM]<br /> &nbsp;
 
=== French contract units system (contemporary) ===
 
contracting for affordable units in private developments is how France mostly does it:
 
[http://www.rooflines.org/4402/using_the_wrong_tools_to_build_affordable_housing/ http://www.rooflines.org/4402/using_the_wrong_tools_to_build_affordable_housing/]
 
&nbsp;
 
== Sweden ==
 
"Million Homes" program
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&nbsp;
 
== Japan ==
 
wikipedia says Urban Renaissance manages about 750k units. Japan has about 50M households, so UR/social housing is about 1.5% of households. For comparison, US Federal rent assistance (Public, Sec 8 project, Sec 8 voucher, etc) helps about 4.8M of 326M population, also about 1.5%
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&nbsp;
 
== Inclusionary housing (on-site) ==
 
&nbsp;
 
== Contemporary proposals ==
 
=== SF YIMBY proposal for mixed-income public housing (2017- ) ===
 
In late 2017, SF YIMBY group began discussing ideas for proposing mixed-income, financially self-supporting, new housing using disused SFMTA (transit agency) surface parking lots.&nbsp; See [Trauss 2018a], [Trauss 2018b].
 
In "[https://medium.com/@LocalPolitics/decommodified-housing-plan-6e298d4ed80b DeCommodified Housing plan]" (Jul 9 2019), Sonja Trauss writes:
<blockquote>"A large decommodified housing sector is possible in the US because of two facts:<br /> (1) Mixed income housing developments almost always do not need subsidy as long as the land is free, and usually even be revenue positive.<br /> (2) local governments own tons of underutilized land.<br /> <br /> <u>Underutilized land</u><br /> "Your school district, public library, transportation agency, public utility, city government all own parcels of land in your city or town. A few of those might be vacant. Most of them are in use, but the use is probably a one or maybe two storey building surrounded by a parking lot.<br /> <br /> "These parcels could have the existing use, PLUS 8–10 storeys of housing on top.<br /> <br /> "A new tall building, sounds expensive to build! Who will pay?<br /> <br /> "The costs of construction will be recovered the same way they always are — through the rents. Decommodified housing doesn’t mean free housing. The people who live there will still pay rent. They will get the housing they need and pay the amount they can afford. What this means is that a family making $60,000/ yr. could pay $12,000/ yr in rent, and a family making $150,000/ yr could pay $30,000 / yr (this is 20% of gross income which is much less than the 33% that US governments, since the 1980s, have claimed was “affordable”. You might have to adjust for your town.)<br /> <br /> "One of the great things about having a public agency develop its own land for mixed income, revenue neutral (or positive), decommodified housing is that public agencies generally have access to cheap money. In other words, public agencies can borrow money to build these housing developments at relatively low rates by selling municipal bonds."</blockquote>
&nbsp;
 
[[File:Peoples-Policy-Project--Social-Housing-report-cover-2018.jpg|thumb|right|500px|PPP]]
 
=== People's Policy Project social housing proposal (2018) ===
 
In April 5, 2018, the People's Policy Project (founded by writer Matt Breunig) released "[https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2018/04/05/a-plan-to-solve-the-housing-crisis-through-social-housing/ A Plan to Solve the Housing Crisis Through Social Housing]," authored by&nbsp;Irish political organizer Peter Gowan and New York-based journalist Ryan Cooper. [Gowan 2018].&nbsp;
Line 379 ⟶ 389:
[[File:A-National-Homes-Guarantee-Briefing-Book-2019.jpg|thumb|right|500px|A National Homes Guarantee, Briefing Book (Sept 2019)]]
 
=== Homes Guarantee initiative from People's Action (2019) ===
<blockquote>''"For decades, tenants, residents of public and subsidized housing, and people experiencing homelessness have been organizing to protect their rights and win structural reforms, in and across cities, suburbs, and small towns, all over the country. People’s Action has a long history of driving visionary housing policy. Our members, along with movement partners, have won landmark reforms like the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (1975), Community Reinvestment Act (1977), Dodd-Frank (2010), and much more at the state and local levels.'' ''"Grassroots leaders, as a part of the People’s Action housing justice cohort, developed the Homes Guarantee framework over a year ago. Since then, we launched an intensive organizing process: building our base through popular education trainings on racial capitalism and housing policy, forging relationships with legislative champions, hosting a briefing with the Congressional Progressive Caucus, recruiting a policy team, and, finally, drafting our ambitious proposal for a national Homes Guarantee. We completed a draft in late July.'' ''"Since then, our member organizations and grassroots leaders have picked it apart and put it back together, making our vision bigger, bolder, and more responsive to community needs. Additionally, over 115 movement allies and institutions have reviewed the draft and submitted feedback''</blockquote>
&nbsp;
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[[File:PplsProject-Home-Guarantee-agenda.jpg|thumb|left|700px|People's Project]]
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div>
BUILD 12 MILLION SOCIAL HOUSING UNITS AND ERADICATE HOMELESSNESS 4<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;SOCIAL HOUSING 4<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;DEVELOPMENT AND ACQUISITION 4<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;JOBS AND CONSTRUCTION 4<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;COMMUNITY TIES, SERVICES, AND DESIGN 5<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;PERMANENT SUPPORTIVE HOUSING 5<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;LOCATION 6<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;OWNERSHIP 6<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;RESIDENTS 6<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;RENT 6<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT 7<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;DECARBONIZATION AND RESILIENCY 7<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;FUNDING 8
 
REINVEST IN EXISTING PUBLIC HOUSING 8<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;PUBLIC OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT 9<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;PRESERVATION AND REPLACEMENT 9<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;DECARBONIZATION AND RESILIENCY 9<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;FUNDING 10
 
PROTECT RENTERS AND BANK TENANTS 11<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; NATIONAL TENANT BILL OF RIGHTS 11&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; BANK TENANTS 12<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; FREEDOM FROM DISCRIMINATION 13<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; CONSUMER PROTECTIONS 13<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; COMMUNITY CONTROL AND ANTI-DISPLACEMENT 13
 
PAY REPARATIONS FOR CENTURIES OF RACIST LAND AND HOUSING POLICY 14<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;REPARATIONS 14<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;PRINCIPAL CANCELLATION OR REDUCTION 15<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;GRANTS AND CAPITAL 15<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;FAIR HOUSING 15
 
END LAND AND REAL ESTATE SPECULATION AND DE-COMMODIFY HOUSING 15<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;LAND VALUE UPLIFT TAX 16<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;FLIPPING TAX 16<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;OUT OF STATE TRANSACTION TAX 17<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;BLIGHT AND VACANCY TAX 17<br /> &nbsp; &nbsp;DATA AND TRACKING 17
 
ESTABLISH A PEOPLE’S HOUSING COMMISSION 17
Line 405 ⟶ 415:
----
 
== References ==
 
*Bauer, Catherine [1934]. ''Modern Housing''. 1934.&nbsp;<br /> - http://bit.ly/Bauer_Modern-Housing1 [60MB PDF, assembled from page scans available at Internet Archive].&nbsp;<br /> A landmark work focusing on European social housing post-WWI, by one of the most influential housing reformers of the 20th Century.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Bauer, Catherine [1957]. "The Dreary Deadlock of Public Housing." ''Architectural Forum'', May 1957. (republished, with essay by Barbara Penner, in&nbsp;''Places Journal,&nbsp;''October 2018.&nbsp;https://placesjournal.org/article/catherine-bauer-and-the-need-for-public-housing/<nowiki/>.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Ben-Joseph, Eran. "[http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/ww1/ww1a.html Workers' Paradise: The Forgotten Communities of World War I]."&nbsp; Online research project, MIT School of Architecture+ Planning.&nbsp;<br /> http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/ww1/ww1a.html.<br /> &nbsp;
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*Boughton, John.&nbsp;''Municipal Dreams: The Rise and Fall of Council Housing'', 2018.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Boughton, John. "Workers' housing, 1776, in Cromford Village, courtesy of Richard Arkwright and up the hill its 20th century democratic equivalent." [https://twitter.com/MunicipalDreams/status/1102187952732545025?s=20 Tweet Mar 3, 2019].&nbsp;&nbsp;.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
* Calavita, Nico, and Alan Mallach (Eds). ''Inclusionary Housing in International Perspective: Affordable Housing, Social Inclusion, and Land Value Recapture''. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, July 2010.<br /> [http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf Table of Contents, Forward, Preface, Ch. 1].&nbsp;[http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf. http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf.&nbsp;]<br /> &nbsp;
*Carter, Leighton. "The Slum of All Fears: Dickens's Concern with Urban Poverty and Sanitation." article in Brown University's Victorianweb.org, 2007.<br /> &nbsp;
*Comptroller General of the United States. "[https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf Section 236 Rental Housing -- An Evaluation With Lessons For The Future.]"&nbsp;PAD-78-13 JANUARY 10, 1978.&nbsp;https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf<br /> ''"This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of the section 236 program; compares section 236 to many other Federal programs;<br /> and discusses investment incentives, program equity, subsidized tenants and program impact. The 236 program has succeded in providing nearly half a million housing units to an income group which is now largely excluded from housing assistance.<br /> It contains recommendations to the Congress and the Department of Housing and Urban Development which would assure that moderate income households receive a reasonable share of future housing assistance."''<br /> &nbsp;
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*Gray, Christopher. "[http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/24/realestate/streetscapes-public-housing-in-the-beginning-new-york-created-first-houses.html Streetscapes/Public Housing; In the Beginning, New York Created First Houses]."&nbsp;''The New York Times, ''24&nbsp;September&nbsp;1995.<br /> http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/24/realestate/streetscapes-public-housing-in-the-beginning-new-york-created-first-houses.html.<br /> &nbsp;
*Gray, Christoper. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html Architectural Wealth, Built for the Poor]." &nbsp;New York Times. 10 Oct, 2008.&nbsp;[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html.&nbsp;]<br /> ''[on the Tower Buildings, in Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn, 1879&nbsp;-- considered the 1st US model tenement].''<br /> &nbsp;
* Haines, Gary. “[http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/heritage/boundary-of-old-nichol-s-vice-filth-death-1-666236 Boundary of Old Nichol’s Vice, Filth & Death].” &nbsp;The Docklands & East London Advertiser, 24 July 2008<br /> http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/heritage/boundary-of-old-nichol-s-vice-filth-death-1-666236.<br /> &nbsp;
*Harloe. "The People's Home?: Social Rented Housing in Europe and America" 1995.<br /> [https://books.google.com/books?id=ANHUyh67w-YC&pg=PT4&lpg=PT4&dq=Michael+Harloe+The+People's+Home&source=bl&ots=oxABIsnT6x&sig=evBjtSQQx3oZPfrNzH6x4auDH0M&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyuJjM_vTUAhUj74MKHWTGC284ChDoAQgkMAM#v=onepage&q&f=true https://books.google.com/books?id=ANHUyh67w-YC&pg=PT4&lpg=PT4&dq=Michael+Harloe+The+People%27s+Home&source=bl&ots=oxABIsnT6x&sig=evBjtSQQx3oZPfrNzH6x4auDH0M&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyuJjM_vTUAhUj74MKHWTGC284ChDoAQgkMAM#v=onepage&q&f=true].<br /> &nbsp;
*Hoffman, Alexander von [1998]. "[https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf The Origins of American Housing Reform]." Harvard University Joint Center for Housing Studies, publication W98-2, August 1998. [https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf. https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf.&nbsp;]<br /> &nbsp;
*Hogarty, Dave. "[https://ny.curbed.com/2012/2/15/10396106/warren-mews-cottage-for-workingman-with-1-375-million Warren Mews Cottage For Workingman With $1.375 Million.]"&nbsp; Curbed NY, Feb 15, 2012.&nbsp;[https://ny.curbed.com/2012/2/15/10396106/warren-mews-cottage-for-workingman-with-1-375-million. https://ny.curbed.com/2012/2/15/10396106/warren-mews-cottage-for-workingman-with-1-375-million.&nbsp;]<br /> &nbsp;
*Ingalls, Julia. "[https://archinect.com/features/article/149956316/touring-some-of-the-world-s-most-attractive-public-housing-projects Touring some of the world's most attractive public housing projects.]"&nbsp;''Archinect.&nbsp;''August 9, 2016.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Kay, James Phillips (1832). ''The moral and physical condition of the working classes employed in the cotton manufacture in Manchester.'' https://archive.org/details/moralphysicalcon00kaysuoft/. <br /> &nbsp;
*Kemeny,&nbsp;Jim.&nbsp;"From Public Housing to Social Market" (1995).&nbsp;&nbsp;https://books.google.com/books?id=DjGIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR1&lpg=PR1&dq=Jim+Kemeny+From+Public+Housing+to+Social+Market&source=bl&ots=Z9PNHbPSHq&sig=Sxrayape8GgzGi1dbj8Df2rpQ1Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95enOgvXUAhWHx4MKHa8LDiQQ6AEISjAN#v=onepage&q&f=false.<br /> &nbsp;
*Lubarsky, Zack. "#SocialHousing." Blog post, 23&nbsp;April 2018.&nbsp;&nbsp;http://hashtaghashtag.org/blog-1/2018/4/22/socialhousing.<br /> "What if the city instead&nbsp;''buys''&nbsp;apartment buildings on the open market, and rent them out to pay back the&nbsp;municipal&nbsp;bonds?" brief financial analysis using Seattle.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Mallach, Alan. "Using the Wrong Tools to Build Affordable Housing." ''Shelterforce, ''1 March 2016.&nbsp;<br /> ''"Now, when French developers build subdivisions or condo projects, nonprofit housing corporations enter into turnkey contracts with the developer to buy blocs of apartments or houses, up to a maximum of 50 percent, of the units in the development. Based on those contracts, the nonprofits apply for a package of government loans, grants, and tax breaks so they can both buy the units and make sure they remain affordable. When the projects are completed, the nonprofit buys the units and operates them as affordable rental housing."''<br /> &nbsp;
*Mayhew, Henry. ''London Labour and the London Poor''. (periodical publication in 1840s; collected for book publication in 1851).<br /> &nbsp;
*Moore, Rowan. "[https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/jul/16/story-of-lewishams-radical-self-builders The story of Lewisham’s radical self-builders.]"&nbsp;''The Guardian,&nbsp;'<nowiki/>'''Sun 16 Jul 2017.'''''<br /> '''&nbsp;'''
*Morrison, Arthur. ''A Child of the Jago&nbsp;''(1896).&nbsp; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child_of_the_Jago Wikipedia].&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Mumford, Lewis [1938]. ''The Culture of Cities.&nbsp;''<br /> &nbsp;
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*Trauss, Sonja. (@LocalPolitics on Medium). "[https://medium.com/@LocalPolitics/decommodified-housing-plan-6e298d4ed80b DeCommodified Housing plan]." Medium, Jul 9 2019.<br /> [https://medium.com/@LocalPolitics/decommodified-housing-plan-6e298d4ed80b. https://medium.com/@LocalPolitics/decommodified-housing-plan-6e298d4ed80b.&nbsp;]<br /> &nbsp;
*UK House of Commons. short history of over a century of social housing from the House of Commons Library.&nbsp;http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/housing-and-home-life/build-it-up-sell-it-off/.<br /> &nbsp;
* Vale, Lawrence J.. ''From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors.'' (Harvard University Press, 2007).<br /> &nbsp;
*White, Alfred Tredway.&nbsp; ''Improved Dwellings for the Working Classes: The need, and the way to meet it on strict commercial pinciples''. (1877, revised 1879).&nbsp;<br /> ____. ''Better Homes for Workingmen'' (1885).&nbsp;<br /> ____. ''Riverside Buildings ''(1890).<br /> all of above available at:&nbsp;[https://books.google.com/books?id=-hVRAQAAMAAJ [1]].&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Whitman, Walt. "Wicked Architecture" (''Life Illustrated,'' July 19,1856) - mainly about dwelling-houses.&nbsp;Part II from a series, "New York Dissected".<br /> This was unsigned, but has been attributed to Whitman by scholars.&nbsp;https://whitmanarchive.org/published/periodical/journalism/tei/per.00270.html.<br /> On Image 5 of the scanned page images listed.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
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