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See also:&nbsp;''caravansarai'', in central & southern Asia.&nbsp;<br/> &nbsp;
 
=== The Fuggerei, Augsburg Germany (1516-) ===
 
"The world's oldest social housing complex still in use. It is a walled enclave within the city of '''Augsburg, Bavaria'''. It takes its name from the Fugger family and was founded in 1516 by Jakob Fugger the Younger (known as "Jakob Fugger the Rich") as a place where the needy citizens of Augsburg could be housed. By 1523, 52 houses had been built, and in the coming years the area expanded with various streets, small squares and a church. The gates were locked at night, so the Fuggerei was, in its own right, very similar to a small independent medieval town. It is still inhabited today, affording it the status of being the oldest social housing project in the world."&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuggerei [1]].&nbsp;
 
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== Veterans' and sailors' housing, 17thC- ==
=== Les Invalides, Paris (1670-) ===▼
<br />▼
 
▲=== Les Invalides, Paris ===
A significant emblem of publicly-provided housing for the needy, Les Invalides, "formally the Hôtel national des Invalides (The National Residence of the Invalids), or also as Hôtel des Invalides, is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans, the building's original purpose."
 
"Louis XIV initiated the project by an order dated 24 November '''1670''', as a home and hospital for aged and unwell soldiers: the name is a shortened form of hôpital des invalides." -Wikipedia.
 
=== Royal Hospital Chelsea (1682-) ===▼
Like Les Invalides, the Royal Hospital (aka Greenwich Hospital) is an example of a civic/national monument that includes "public housing". It was created on the site of a former royal palace where many British monarchs including Queen Elizabeth I were born.
 
▲=== Royal Hospital Chelsea ===
"The Royal Hospital Chelsea is a retirement home and nursing home for some 300 veterans of the British Army. Founded as an almshouse, the ancient sense of the word "hospital", it is a 66-acre (27 ha) site located on Royal Hospital Road in Chelsea. It is an independent charity and relies partly upon donations to cover day-to-day running costs to provide care and accommodation for veterans.
 
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"King Charles II founded the Royal Hospital in 1682 as a retreat for veterans. The provision of a hostel rather than the payment of pensions was inspired by Les Invalides in Paris." -Wikipedia. "Royal Hospital Chelsea."
 
=== Greenwich Hospital (1694-) ===
"The Royal Charter of William and Mary dated 25 October '''1694''' established the Royal Hospital for Seamen (latterly known as Greenwich Hospital). It was a home for retired seamen of the Royal Navy, and to provide support for seamens widows and education for their children, and the improvement of navigation. The first Pensioners arrived at Greenwich in 1705. By the end of the century there were more than 2,000 pensioners living there.
▲<br />
[[File:Trinity-Almshouses London from-The-Survey-of-London--Matt Garbutt 1896.jpg|alt=Trinity Almhouses, London, built in 1695. Image from The Survey of London, 1896.|thumb|600x600px|Trinity Almhouses, London, built in 1695. Image from The Survey of London, 1896.]]
 
=== '''Trinity Green Almshouses''' '''(1695)''' ===
(formerly '''Trinity Hospital'''), were originally built in 1695 to provide housing for retired sailors, and are the oldest almshouses in Central London. On Mile End Road in Whitechapel in London.
 
"They were built by the Corporation of Trinity House to provide housing for "28 decay’d Masters & Commanders of Ships or ye Widows of such"; the land was given to the Corporation by Captain Henry Mudd of Ratcliffe. The almshouses are believed to have been designed by Sir William Ogbourne, and the houses were organised into two rows, with a central green and chapel. The chapel is in the parish of St Dunstan's, Stepney.
 
"In 1735, Trinity Green had 28 people, at a cost of 12 shillings per resident per month. In 1895–96, Trinity Green was threatened with closure, after Sir Frederic Leighton proposed that the almshouses be destroyed. The closure was prevented due to a public campaign led by Charles Robert Ashbee, who set up a ''Committee for the Survey of the Memorials of Greater London'' [still going today, known as the Survey of London, now hosted at University College London, Bartlett School]. The almshouses were the first buildings to be put on his preservation register, which eventually became the listed building system [UK's historic preservation listing system]." -Wikipedia, "Trinity Green Almshouses."
 
"Prompted by the unwitting demolition of a Tudor hunting lodge in Bromley-By-Bow for a new school, the Arts and Crafts architect, designer and social reformer Charles Robert Ashbee set up a committee for the Survey of Memorials in Greater London in 1894. The first publication was a monograph devoted to Trinity Almshouses on the Mile End Road. It interwove architectural and social history and helped prevent demolition. Ashbee thus initiated a London-wide register of buildings of interest to bring together photographs, measured drawings and historical notes." [Survey of London. "The History of the Survey of London." accessed 17 April, 2020. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london <nowiki>https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london].</nowiki>]
<br />▼
=== Sailors' Home, London (1835) ===
[[File:Sailors-Home London 1835 from-British-Workman-1857-1024x525.jpg|alt=Sailors' Home, London, opened 1835|thumb|600x600px|Sailors' Home, London, opened 1835]]
"The Sailors’ Home, also known at first as the Brunswick Maritime Establishment, was built in 1830–5 with Philip Hardwick as its architect. Enlarged to Dock Street in 1863–5, substantially altered in 1911–12, rebuilt on the Dock Street side in 1954­­–7, adapted to be a hostel for the homeless in 1976–8, and again converted to be a youth hostel in 2012–14, this has been, ''mutatis mutandis'', a major local presence for nearly two centuries, all the while used as a hostel. As the first purpose-built short-stay hostel for sailors anywhere, it represented in its original form the invention of a building type, the Royal Hospital for Seamen in Greenwich notwithstanding. It was to have seminal influence on the development of lodging-house architecture."
 
Its architect in the 1840s was Henry Roberts, a founder of the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes, who would become a key influence on early social housing in the UK and other countries.
 
"Between 1879 and 1884 Joseph Conrad (Jozef Korzeniowski) [the author and sailor] stayed several times at the Home and studied in its navigation school. Conrad called the Home a ‘friendly place’, ‘quietly unobtrusively, with a regard for the independence of the men who sought its shelter ashore, and with no ulterior aims behind that effective friendliness.’" [Joseph Conrad, ‘A Friendly Place’, ''Notes on Life and Letters'', 1912, p. 203]." - [Survey of London, 2019].
&nbsp;▼
 
== UK worker housing ==
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An early landmark was the planned housing and facilities in mill town [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lanark New Lanark], Scotland, which industrialist and reformer&nbsp;'''Robert Owen&nbsp;'''developed from around 1800-1825 as a model workers town. It became&nbsp;well-known throughout Europe was visited by many reformers and writers.&nbsp;&nbsp;
=== Exposés, social novels, reform movement ===
By the 1840s in the UK, there was widespread public concern about unsanitary or inhumane conditions in working-class housing, and the relative possibility of violent mass uprising such as growing out of the Chartist movement. The factories and slums of Manchester attracted many visitors and writers from around the UK and the world starting in the early 19th C., perhaps most famously Engels who wrote based on it&nbsp;''The Condition of the Working Class in England'' (1844).''&nbsp;''Thanks to extensive journalistic, sociological, and literary interest -- e.g. Elizabeth Gaskell's and Charles Dickens' widely popular novels -- in these 19thC UK slum conditions, we have an extensive and diverse written record of the conditions there and how responses to them helped produce reformist movements including company towns (e.g. Robert Owens, Borneville), private social housing and model tenements, and early public housing.&nbsp;
 
The publication of the ''Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain''&nbsp;(1842), authored by&nbsp;Edwin Chadwick,&nbsp;was highly influential in fostering the new attitude toward poverty and the urban environment. It also inspired a similar, and similarly influential work in the US,&nbsp;&nbsp;Dr. John H. Griscom.&nbsp;''The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of New York'' in (1845). Griscom's work was the first to use the term "How the other half lives",&nbsp;which Jacob Riis would employ fifty years later for the title of his best-selling exposé of the slum [noted in Hoffman 1998].&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
Also In the 1840s, Henry Mayhew observed, documented, and described the state of working people in&nbsp;London&nbsp;for a series of articles in a newspaper, the&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Chronicle Morning Chronicle]'', that were later compiled into book form as&nbsp;''London Labour and the London Poor&nbsp;''(1851).&nbsp; Mayhew coined a famous expression of the idea of distinguishing between deserving and non-deserving poor:&nbsp; "those that will work, those that cannot work, and those that will not work."<br /><div style="clear: both">
 
▲<br />
<div style="clear: both">
=== Model dwelling companies, 1842- ===
[[File:SICLC-Bagnippe-Wells-estate-1844-1.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Bagnippe Wells model housing, first project of the SICLC, 1844]]
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In 1844 the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labourer's_Friend_Society '''Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes'''] was formed, growing out of The Labourer’s Friend Society. &nbsp;S.I.C.L.C. worked to impove and reform both rural housing and urban housing for industrial workers. It was a private, dividend-paying society accepting investments, but on which the annual dividend was limited by its charter.&nbsp; Various other so-called "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_dwellings_company model dwelling companies]" arose at that time, building housing in cities throughout the UK but particularly in London.&nbsp;Their model of combining&nbsp;philanthropic&nbsp;intention with&nbsp;capitalist&nbsp;return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy". The model dwelling societies&nbsp;received patronage from industrialist&nbsp;and aristocratic patrons, notably&nbsp;Queen Victoria's support for&nbsp;the S.I.C.L.C.&nbsp;
</div>[[File:SICLC-Bagnippe-Wells-estate-1844-2.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Bagnippe Wells model housing, 1844]]"The prototype for such blocks was the Sailors’ Home (see section above) in Well Street, Whitechapel (now demolished), opened in 1835 and designed by '''Henry Roberts''' (1803-76) the architect who set the pattern for philanthropic housing schemes in London, and influenced developments in Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Russia.
</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">
[[File:SICLC-Bagnippe-Wells-estate-1844-2.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Bagnippe Wells model housing, 1844]]
 
A"In 1844 Roberts was a founder member of the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes, for whom he designed a landmark project of the model-dwelling company movement was, the '''Bagnippe Wells''' estate (see image right), built in 1844 in Lower Road, Pentonville, Southwark, London.&nbsp; “This scheme was the first attempt in the metropolis to provide the working class with some kind of new and appropriate housing, specially designed for the purpose, and it was the first time that an architect had lent his skill to such a humble work.” - [Tarn 1973].&nbsp;
 
Roberts also designed a model lodging house off Drury Lane in 1846, but both this and Bagnippe Wells have been demolished. <div style="clear: both">
The '''1848 World’s Fair''' was hosted in London and Prince Albert debuted his “Model Houses for Families,” a model tenement which was subsequently built in Bloomsbury, England. Each apartment was cross ventilated -- all rooms had windows that faced either the street of the generously sized courtyard and the staircases were moved to the exterior of the construction, eliminating any dark hallways. The architect, Henry Roberts, was an active member of the Society for Improving Conditions of the Labouring Classes."<br/> <br/> See image of this&nbsp;in [Mumford 1938] p.212.&nbsp;▼
"His next project for the Society, was Parnell House, group of dwellings for 48 families in three blocks built around a courtyard in Streatham Street, near the British Museum, which remains in use as housing. Access to the apartments is by wrought-iron balconies, they are of fireproof construction, and each, at the time of construction, had its own water closet, a revolutionary feature for working class dwellings in England." https://www.erih.net/i-want-to-go-there/site/show/Sites/streatham-street-apartments-parnell-house/.
 
 
The design was further developed on by Sir Sydney Waterlow and his&nbsp;Improved Dwellings Company for their building in London in 1863. [Flandro et al, 2008].<br/> <br/> Improved Dwellings Company, Limited built the Langbourn Buildings - block of 80 dwellings, 1863.&nbsp;▼
"Parnell House was built in 1850 by the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes (SICLC). The land, owned by the Duke of Bedford, was leased for 99 years. In 1965 Peabody took over the former SICLC and all of its remaining London properties. Parnell had played an important role for Peabody long before that: Peabody’s 1964 Annual Report described the development ‘a shining example of good design’ from the 1850s and stated that ‘it was visited by Mr Peabody and may well have influenced him in the manner of his gift to the London poor’.
 
"Peabody purchased the freehold of the property from Holiday Inns UK in 1994. A Grade II Listed Building, a picture of Parnell’s exterior features on the dust jacket of the 1983 biography of its architect, Henry Roberts."
 
 
▲The"Roberts went on to design the Model Houses shown at the Great Exhibition of the'''1848 World’s Fair,''' was hosted in London and. Prince Albert debutedsponsored histhe “Model Houses for Families,” a model tenement which was subsequently built in Bloomsbury, England. Each apartment was cross ventilated -- all rooms had windows that faced either the street of the generously sized courtyard and the staircases were moved to the exterior of the construction, eliminating any dark hallways. The architect, Henry Roberts, was an active member of the Society for Improving Conditions of the Labouring Classes."<br /> <br /> See image of this&nbsp;in [Mumford 1938] p.212.&nbsp;
 
"The Model Houses for Families are now re-erected in Kennington Park Road."
 
▲The design was further developed on by Sir Sydney Waterlow and his&nbsp;Improved Dwellings Company for their building in London in 1863. [Flandro et al, 2008].<br /> <br /> Improved Dwellings Company, Limited built the Langbourn Buildings - block of 80 dwellings, 1863.&nbsp;
</div> <div style="clear: both">Around the same time, novelist Charles Dickens took a strong interest in housing condititions of the London poor. Carter [2007] observes:&nbsp;</div> <blockquote><div style="clear: both">''"Charles Dickens showed great concern for the despicable conditions of London slums and campaigned for their improvement. His hatred of slums and the governmental practices that allowed them to exist is especially apparent around the time he began conceiving and writing Bleak House (published in installments from March 1852 through September 1853). In the new preface to Martin Chuzzlewit of November 1849, he upholds literature's utility in social activism:<br/> <br/> "In all my writings, I hope I have taken every available opportunity to showing the want of sanitary improvements in the neglected dwellings of the poor" (qtd. in Butt, p. 11). He published several articles on the subject, such as "Health by Act of Parliament, "A Home Question," and "Commission and Omission," in 1850 editions of Household Words. Again in 1850, he made a speech to The Metropolitan Sanitary Association condemning slum landlords and local politicians and, in 1852, he advised philanthropist Angela Burdett-Coutts on the model flats she was financing for London's Columbia Square (Blount 341). In Bleak House, the theme of sanitation, or the lack thereof, surfaces prominently in Dickens's treatment of the brick-maker's house and Tom-all-Alone's. Dickens actually used "Tom-All-Alone's" as a working title for Bleak House, further demonstrating slums' importance for the novel."''</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> </blockquote>
<br/> Some&nbsp;philanthropists&nbsp;began to provide housing in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment_building tenement blocks], and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltaire Saltaire]&nbsp;in 1853,&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournville Bournville]&nbsp;(1879), and&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sunlight Port Sunlight]&nbsp;in 1888.
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&nbsp;
<div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">Gissing, George.&nbsp;''The Nether World'' (1889) described new tenement buildings created by London authorities.<br /> [look up references].&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">&nbsp;</div> <div style="clear: both">
 
More information: an Interesting short history of over a century of social housing, from the House of Commons Library:&nbsp;<br/> [http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/housing-and-home-life/build-it-up-sell-it-off/ http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/housing-and-home-life/build-it-up-sell-it-off/]▼
 
</div>
▲More information: an Interesting short history of over a century of social housing, from the House of Commons Library:&nbsp;<br /> [http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/housing-and-home-life/build-it-up-sell-it-off/ http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/olympic-britain/housing-and-home-life/build-it-up-sell-it-off/]
&nbsp;
▲</div>&nbsp;
 
== United States public housing ==
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*Carter, Leighton. "The Slum of All Fears: Dickens's Concern with Urban Poverty and Sanitation." article in Brown University's Victorianweb.org, 2007.<br /> &nbsp;
*Comptroller General of the United States. "[https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf Section 236 Rental Housing -- An Evaluation With Lessons For The Future.]"&nbsp;PAD-78-13 JANUARY 10, 1978.&nbsp;https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf<br /> ''"This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of the section 236 program; compares section 236 to many other Federal programs;<br /> and discusses investment incentives, program equity, subsidized tenants and program impact. The 236 program has succeded in providing nearly half a million housing units to an income group which is now largely excluded from housing assistance.<br /> It contains recommendations to the Congress and the Department of Housing and Urban Development which would assure that moderate income households receive a reasonable share of future housing assistance."''<br /> &nbsp;
*Congressional Research Service. "[https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy]." July 22, 2008 – March 27, 2019. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html.<br /> &nbsp;
*Conrad, Joseph. (1912) "A Friendly Place/" ''Notes on Life and Letters'', 1912, p. 203. cited in [Survey of London, 2019].
*Douglas, Paul. ''The Coming of a New Party''.&nbsp;(1932). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004856913&view=1up&seq=11. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004856913&view=1up&seq=11.&nbsp;] [version with images viewable online; text-only version downloadable as PDF].<br /> &nbsp;
*Flandro et al (2008). "[https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives Progressive Housing in New York City: A Closer Look at Model Tenements and Finnish Cooperatives]."<br /> (Xsusha Carlyann Flandro, Christine Huh, Negin Maleki, Mariana Sarango-Manaças, & Jennifer Schork; for Historical Preservation Graduate Studio II, Columbia University, Spring 2008).&nbsp;<br /> [https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives. https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives.&nbsp;]<br /> &nbsp;
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*Plunz, Richard (2016). ''A History of Housing in New York City.''<br /> &nbsp;
*Radford, Gail. ''Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era'' (1996).<br /> &nbsp;
*Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, 1884-5 - Report.&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
*Survey of London. "Wombat’s City Hostel, formerly the Sailors’ Home." ''Survey of London'', 19 April 2019. https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/survey-of-london/2019/04/19/wombats-city-hostel-formerly-the-sailors-home/
*Survey of London. "The History of the Survey of London." accessed 17 April, 2020. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london.]<br /> &nbsp;
*Tarn, John Nelson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yCQ9AAAAIAAJ Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914]. Cambridge University Press, 1973.&nbsp;<br /> https://books.google.com/books?id=yCQ9AAAAIAAJ.<br /> &nbsp;
*Trauss, Sonja [2018]. "Socialism is here, if you want it." [https://twitter.com/SonjaTrauss/status/970825100294533121?s=20 Tweet,&nbsp;Mar 5, 2018, 4:55pm].&nbsp;&nbsp;(referencing [Trauss 2018b] below).&nbsp;<br /> &nbsp;
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