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"The documented history of social housing in Britain starts with&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almshouse almshouses], which were established from the 10th century, to provide a place of residence for "poor, old and distressed folk". The first recorded almshouse was founded in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York York]&nbsp;by&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Æthelstan_of_England King Æthelstan]; the oldest still in existence is the&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_of_St_Cross Hospital of St. Cross]&nbsp;in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester Winchester], dating to circa 1133."<br/> -Wikipedia, "Public housing in the United Kingdom."
 
See also:&nbsp; ''caravansarai'', in central & southern Asia.&nbsp;<br/> &nbsp;
 
== The Fuggerei, Augsburg Germany (1516-) ==
 
"The world's oldest social housing complex still in use. It is a walled enclave within the city of '''Augsburg, Bavaria'''. It takes its name from the Fugger family and was founded in 1516 by Jakob Fugger the Younger (known as "Jakob Fugger the Rich") as a place where the needy citizens of Augsburg could be housed. By 1523, 52 houses had been built, and in the coming years the area expanded with various streets, small squares and a church. The gates were locked at night, so the Fuggerei was, in its own right, very similar to a small independent medieval town. It is still inhabited today, affording it the status of being the oldest social housing project in the world."&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuggerei [1]].&nbsp;<br/> &nbsp;
 
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== 18th-19th Century - slum housing, reform, and model housing in UK and US ==
 
=== UKVeterans' -and workersailors' housing, reform societies, 5% philanthropy17thC- ===
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=== Les Invalides, Paris ===
A significant emblem of publicly-provided housing for the needy, Les Invalides, "formally the Hôtel national des Invalides (The National Residence of the Invalids), or also as Hôtel des Invalides, is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans, the building's original purpose."
 
"Louis XIV initiated the project by an order dated 24 November 1670, as a home and hospital for aged and unwell soldiers: the name is a shortened form of hôpital des invalides." -Wikipedia.
 
=== Royal Hospital Chelsea ===
"The Royal Hospital Chelsea is a retirement home and nursing home for some 300 veterans of the British Army. Founded as an almshouse, the ancient sense of the word "hospital", it is a 66-acre (27 ha) site located on Royal Hospital Road in Chelsea. It is an independent charity and relies partly upon donations to cover day-to-day running costs to provide care and accommodation for veterans.
 
Any man or woman who is over the age of 65 and served as a regular soldier may apply to become a Chelsea Pensioner (i.e. a resident)."
 
"King Charles II founded the Royal Hospital in 1682 as a retreat for veterans. The provision of a hostel rather than the payment of pensions was inspired by Les Invalides in Paris." -Wikipedia. "Royal Hospital Chelsea."
 
=== Greenwich Hospital ===
"The Royal Charter of William and Mary dated 25 October 1694 established the Royal Hospital for Seamen (latterly known as Greenwich Hospital). It was a home for retired seamen of the Royal Navy, and to provide support for seamens widows and education for their children, and the improvement of navigation. The first Pensioners arrived at Greenwich in 1705. By the end of the century there were more than 2,000 pensioners living there.
 
=== Sailors' Home, London (1835) ===
[[File:Sailors-Home London 1835 from-British-Workman-1857-1024x525.jpg|alt=Sailors' Home, London, opened 1835|thumb|600x600px|Sailors' Home, London, opened 1835]]
"The Sailors’ Home, also known at first as the Brunswick Maritime Establishment, was built in 1830–5 with Philip Hardwick as its architect. Enlarged to Dock Street in 1863–5, substantially altered in 1911–12, rebuilt on the Dock Street side in 1954­­–7, adapted to be a hostel for the homeless in 1976–8, and again converted to be a youth hostel in 2012–14, this has been, ''mutatis mutandis'', a major local presence for nearly two centuries, all the while used as a hostel. As the first purpose-built short-stay hostel for sailors anywhere, it represented in its original form the invention of a building type, the Royal Hospital for Seamen in Greenwich notwithstanding. It was to have seminal influence on the development of lodging-house architecture."
 
 
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== UK worker housing ==
 
18th-19th-century English cities were among the earliest sites of modern industrialization, and industrial slums, and are where many current traditions of social housing and housing regulation begin.
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&nbsp; [[File:Arkwright-worker-housing-in-Cromford-Village-by-Boughton2.jpg|thumb|400px|Arkwright worker housing, Cromford Village UK]]
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An early landmark was the planned housing and facilities in mill town [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Lanark New Lanark], Scotland, which industrialist and reformer&nbsp;'''Robert Owen&nbsp;'''developed from around 1800-1825 as a model workers town. It became&nbsp;well-known throughout Europe was visited by many reformers and writers.&nbsp;&nbsp;<br/> &nbsp;</div> The factories and slums of Manchester attracted many visitors and writers from around the UK and the world starting in the early 19th C., now most famously Engels who wrote based on it&nbsp;''The Condition of the Working Class in England.&nbsp;&nbsp;''Thanks to extensive journalistic, sociological, and literary interest of these 19thC UK slum conditions, we have an extensive and diverse written record of the conditions there and how responses to them helped produce reformist movements including company towns (e.g. Robert Owens, Borneville), private social housing and model tenements, and early public housing.&nbsp;
 
=== Exposés, social novels, reform movement ===
By the 1840s in the UK, there was widespread public concern about unsanitary or inhumane conditions in working-class housing, and the relative possibility of violent mass uprising such as growing out of the Chartist movement.
By the 1840s in the UK, there was widespread public concern about unsanitary or inhumane conditions in working-class housing, and the relative possibility of violent mass uprising such as growing out of the Chartist movement. The factories and slums of Manchester attracted many visitors and writers from around the UK and the world starting in the early 19th C., perhaps most famously Engels who wrote based on it&nbsp;''The Condition of the Working Class in England'' (1844).''&nbsp;''Thanks to extensive journalistic, sociological, and literary interest -- e.g. Elizabeth Gaskell's and Charles Dickens' widely popular novels -- in these 19thC UK slum conditions, we have an extensive and diverse written record of the conditions there and how responses to them helped produce reformist movements including company towns (e.g. Robert Owens, Borneville), private social housing and model tenements, and early public housing.&nbsp;
 
The publication of the ''Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain''&nbsp;(1842), authored by&nbsp;Edwin Chadwick,&nbsp;was highly influential in fostering the new attitude toward poverty and the urban environment. It also inspired a similar, and similarly influential work in the US,&nbsp;&nbsp;Dr. John H. Griscom.&nbsp;''The Sanitary Condition of the Laboring Population of New York'' in (1845). Griscom's work was the first to use the term "How the other half lives",&nbsp;which Jacob Riis would employ fifty years later for the title of his best-selling exposé of the slum [noted in Hoffman 1998].&nbsp;&nbsp;
 
Also In the 1840s, Henry Mayhew observed, documented, and described the state of working people in&nbsp;[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London London]&nbsp;for a series of articles in a newspaper, the&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Chronicle Morning Chronicle]'', that were later compiled into book form as&nbsp;''London Labour and the London Poor&nbsp;''(1851).&nbsp; Mayhew coined a famous expression of the idea of distinguishing between deserving and non-deserving poor:&nbsp; "those that will work, those that cannot work, and those that will not work."
 
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Engels published&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England_in_1844 The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844]''&nbsp;based on his observations of shocking conditions in industrial Manchester, and&nbsp;''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto The Communist Manifesto]&nbsp;''was published in 1848.&nbsp;
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=== Model dwelling companies, 1842- ===
[[File:SICLC-Bagnippe-Wells-estate-1844-1.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Bagnippe Wells model housing, first project of the SICLC, 1844]]
 
This ferment of reformist interest in the 1840s&nbsp;led to the formation of various reform societies, and projects such as model housing developments.
 
In 1842 the '''Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrial Poor''' was founded in England. (noted in [Mumford 1938], p.177).
 
In 1844 the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labourer's_Friend_Society '''Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes'''] was formed, growing out of The Labourer’s Friend Society. &nbsp;S.I.C.L.C. worked to impove and reform both rural housing and urban housing for industrial workers. It was a private, dividend-paying society accepting investments, but on which the annual dividend was limited by its charter.&nbsp; Various other so-called "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_dwellings_company model dwelling companies]" arose at that time, building housing in cities throughout the UK but particularly in London.&nbsp;Their model of combining&nbsp;philanthropic&nbsp;intention with&nbsp;capitalist&nbsp;return was given the label "five per cent philanthropy". The model dwelling societies&nbsp;received patronage from industrialist&nbsp;and aristocratic patrons, notably&nbsp;Queen Victoria's support for&nbsp;the S.I.C.L.C.&nbsp;
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[[File:SICLC-Bagnippe-Wells-estate-1844-2.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Bagnippe Wells model housing, 1844]]
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