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[[File:Karl-Marx-hof.jpg|thumb|right|550px|Karl Marx Hof, Vienna]]'''Social housing '''is housing owned and/or managed by governments or private organizations for the aim of
Various other terms are used in different places for different types of social housing: for example, in the UK, ''council housing /'' c''ouncil estates ''
According to ''The Dictionary of Urbanism'' by Robert Cowan (UK, 2005), "social housing" is: <blockquote>''"Housing provided for social purposes (rather than for profit), usually by local authorities, housing associations of housing trusts. In the UK, the term's wide currency dates from the early 1980s. It was coined by the then Conservative government as a more appropriate description than 'council housing', which the government planned effectively to abolish by discounted sales to tenants and transfers to housing associations."'' </blockquote>
==
The portion of housing in different countries that could be called some form of 'social' housing varies widely, and depends on how defined. The below chart of estimates for "social ''rented dwellings" ''as a % of all housing across OECD nations, shows a range from 34% in Netherlands, to < 1% in Latvia. [OECD 2017].
[[File:OECD-social-rental-housing-as-percentage-of-all.jpg|thumb|left|700px|Social rental housing as % of all, across OECD]]
<div style="clear: both">
To roughly estimate social housing prevalence in the United States, there are various housing types which might be counted:
*
*2) [[LIHTC|'''LIHTC''' - '''Low Income Tax Credit funding''']]. Such units have affordability requirements on them for some period of time, as little as 15 years from construction but possibly longer or extended. This means ''some'' portion of LIHTC-funded homes have a rental subsidy, in a narrow sense that they are obligated to accept tenants within a certain range of area median income and charge them rents limited as a percentage of that income. => 3M homes created from start of program in 1986 through 2019. [source needed].
*
*'''4) [[Inclusionary housing]] programs''' create housing regulated to have some level of affordability, for some length of time, by requiring housing developers to included it in projects, or to contribute in-lieu fees which fund such housing elsewhere. According to the Lincoln Institute's 2017 study [Thaden & Wang 2017], US jurisdictions surveyed reported creating a total of 173,707 affordable units; also $1.7 billion in fees, typically used for funding other affordable housing, but that housing was not counted in the survey. Not all jurisdictions replied to the survey, so "due to missing data, these numbers substantially underestimate the total fees and units created."
**=> 200,000 units roughly estimated, with the rough guess that since Inclusionary programs are mostly fairly new, most units created by them are still under affordability requirements.
*5) '''[[Rent regulation]]''' makes rents generally lower than market rate. Mostly in California (especially LA, SF, Oakland, San Jose), NYC, and New Jersey. => 4M homes - very rough guess [need sources. Looked for it but haven't found yet].
<nowiki>-------------------</nowiki>
=> 7.8M units / 126M households = '''6.2% or so of US housing is social/assisted low-income. '''▼
▲=>
* 4.8M homes, or 3.8%, counting just public housing and flexible rent assistance, in both of which rent is typically a % of income.
* 5-8M homes, or 3.9 - 6.3%, counting Inclusionary and LIHTC homes, depending on how many of the 3M tax-credit-financed and Inclusionary homes are still within their affordability requirements, and how much you consider this a form of social / rent-subsidized housing.
* + 4M homes, so up to 9.5% of US housing, if you count rent-regulated housing. <br />
==
"The documented history of social housing in Britain starts with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almshouse almshouses], which were established from the 10th century, to provide a place of residence for "poor, old and distressed folk". The first recorded almshouse was founded in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York York] by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Æthelstan_of_England King Æthelstan]; the oldest still in existence is the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_of_St_Cross Hospital of St. Cross] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester Winchester], dating to circa 1133."<br /> -Wikipedia, "Public housing in the United Kingdom."
See also: ''caravansarai'', in central & southern Asia. <br />
===
"The world's oldest social housing complex still in use. It is a walled enclave within the city of '''Augsburg, Bavaria'''. It takes its name from the Fugger family and was founded in 1516 by Jakob Fugger the Younger (known as "Jakob Fugger the Rich") as a place where the needy citizens of Augsburg could be housed. By 1523, 52 houses had been built, and in the coming years the area expanded with various streets, small squares and a church. The gates were locked at night, so the Fuggerei was, in its own right, very similar to a small independent medieval town. It is still inhabited today, affording it the status of being the oldest social housing project in the world." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuggerei [1]].
<br />
==
=== Les Invalides, Paris (1670-)
A significant emblem of publicly-provided housing for the needy, Les Invalides, "formally the Hôtel national des Invalides (The National Residence of the Invalids), or also as Hôtel des Invalides, is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans, the building's original purpose."
"Louis XIV initiated the project by an order dated 24 November '''1670''', as a home and hospital for aged and unwell soldiers: the name is a shortened form of hôpital des invalides." -Wikipedia.
=== Royal Hospital Chelsea (1682-)
Like Les Invalides, the Royal Hospital (aka Greenwich Hospital) is an example of a civic/national monument that includes "public housing". It was created on the site of a former royal palace where many British monarchs including Queen Elizabeth I were born.
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"King Charles II founded the Royal Hospital in 1682 as a retreat for veterans. The provision of a hostel rather than the payment of pensions was inspired by Les Invalides in Paris." -Wikipedia. "Royal Hospital Chelsea."
===
"The Royal Charter of William and Mary dated 25 October '''1694''' established the Royal Hospital for Seamen (latterly known as Greenwich Hospital). It was a home for retired seamen of the Royal Navy, and to provide support for seamens widows and education for their children, and the improvement of navigation. The first Pensioners arrived at Greenwich in 1705. By the end of the century there were more than 2,000 pensioners living there.
<br />
[[File:Trinity-Almshouses London from-The-Survey-of-London--Matt Garbutt 1896.jpg|alt=Trinity Almhouses, London, built in 1695. Image from The Survey of London, 1896.|thumb|600x600px|Trinity Almhouses, London, built in 1695. Image from The Survey of London, 1896.]]
===
(formerly '''Trinity Hospital'''), were originally built in 1695 to provide housing for retired sailors, by the Corporation of Trinity House, which is the official authority for lighthouses in England & Wales, established 1514. On Mile End Road in Whitechapel, they are the oldest almshouses in Central London.
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"Prompted by the unwitting demolition of a Tudor hunting lodge in Bromley-By-Bow for a new school, the Arts and Crafts architect, designer and social reformer Charles Robert Ashbee set up a committee for the Survey of Memorials in Greater London in 1894. The first publication was a monograph devoted to Trinity Almshouses on the Mile End Road. It interwove architectural and social history and helped prevent demolition. Ashbee thus initiated a London-wide register of buildings of interest to bring together photographs, measured drawings and historical notes." [Survey of London. "The History of the Survey of London." accessed 17 April, 2020. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london <nowiki>https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london].</nowiki>]
<br />
=== Sailors' Home, London (1835)
[[File:Sailors-Home London 1835 from-British-Workman-1857-1024x525.jpg|alt=Sailors' Home, London, opened 1835|thumb|600x600px|Sailors' Home, London, opened 1835]]
"The Sailors’ Home, also known at first as the Brunswick Maritime Establishment, was built in 1830–5 with Philip Hardwick as its architect. Enlarged to Dock Street in 1863–5, substantially altered in 1911–12, rebuilt on the Dock Street side in 1954–7, adapted to be a hostel for the homeless in 1976–8, and again converted to be a youth hostel in 2012–14, this has been, ''mutatis mutandis'', a major local presence for nearly two centuries, all the while used as a hostel. As the first purpose-built short-stay hostel for sailors anywhere, it represented in its original form the invention of a building type, the Royal Hospital for Seamen in Greenwich notwithstanding. It was to have seminal influence on the development of lodging-house architecture."
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"Between 1879 and 1884 Joseph Conrad (Jozef Korzeniowski) [the author and sailor] stayed several times at the Home and studied in its navigation school. Conrad called the Home a ‘friendly place’, ‘quietly unobtrusively, with a regard for the independence of the men who sought its shelter ashore, and with no ulterior aims behind that effective friendliness.’" [Joseph Conrad, ‘A Friendly Place’, ''Notes on Life and Letters'', 1912, p. 203]." - [Survey of London, 2019].
==
18th-19th-century English cities were among the earliest sites of modern industrialization, and industrial slums, and are where many current traditions of social housing and housing regulation begin.
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sunlight Port Sunlight] in 1888.
==
===The slum city in literature and reports===
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Roberts also designed a model lodging house off Drury Lane in 1846, but both this and Bagnippe Wells have been demolished. <div style="clear: both">
<br />
"His next project for the Society, was Parnell House, group of dwellings for 48 families in three blocks built around a courtyard in Streatham Street, near the British Museum, which remains in use as housing. Access to the apartments is by wrought-iron balconies, they are of fireproof construction, and each, at the time of construction, had its own water closet, a revolutionary feature for working class dwellings in England." https://www.erih.net/i-want-to-go-there/site/show/Sites/streatham-street-apartments-parnell-house/.▼
=== 1848 World's Fair - Model Houses for Families ===
"Roberts went on to design the Model Houses shown at the Great Exhibition of the'''1848 World’s Fair,''' hosted in London. Prince Albert sponsored the “Model Houses for Families,” a model tenement which was subsequently built in Bloomsbury, England. Each apartment was cross ventilated -- all rooms had windows that faced either the street of the generously sized courtyard and the staircases were moved to the exterior of the construction, eliminating any dark hallways."<br /> <br /> See image of this in [Mumford, ''The Culture of Cities,''1938] p.212. ▼
"The Model Houses for Families are now re-erected in Kennington Park Road."▼
The design was further developed on by Sir Sydney Waterlow and his Improved Dwellings Company for their Langbourn Building in London in 1863. [Flandro et al, 2008]. This had 80 dwellings. Sir Sydney Waterlow subsequently led building of the Corporation Houses on Farringdon road, completed 1865 (see below). ▼
"Parnell House was built in 1850 by the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes (SICLC). The land, owned by the Duke of Bedford, was leased for 99 years. In 1965 Peabody took over the former SICLC and all of its remaining London properties. Parnell had played an important role for Peabody long before that: Peabody’s 1964 Annual Report described the development ‘a shining example of good design’ from the 1850s and stated that ‘it was visited by Mr Peabody and may well have influenced him in the manner of his gift to the London poor’.▼
</div>
"Peabody purchased the freehold of the property from Holiday Inns UK in 1994. A Grade II Listed Building, a picture of Parnell’s exterior features on the dust jacket of the 1983 biography of its architect, Henry Roberts."▼
=== Parnell House (1850, SICLC) ===
▲"
▲"Parnell House was built in 1850 by the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes (SICLC). The land, owned by the Duke of Bedford, was leased for 99 years. In 1965 Peabody took over the former SICLC and all of its remaining London properties. Parnell had played an important role for Peabody long before that: Peabody’s 1964 Annual Report described the development ‘a shining example of good design’ from the 1850s and stated that ‘it was visited by Mr Peabody and may well have influenced him in the manner of his gift to the London poor’.
▲"Peabody purchased the freehold of the property from Holiday Inns UK in 1994. A Grade II Listed Building, a picture of Parnell’s exterior features on the dust jacket of the 1983 biography of its architect, Henry Roberts."
▲"Roberts went on to design the Model Houses shown at the Great Exhibition of the'''1848 World’s Fair,''' hosted in London. Prince Albert sponsored the “Model Houses for Families,” a model tenement which was subsequently built in Bloomsbury, England. Each apartment was cross ventilated -- all rooms had windows that faced either the street of the generously sized courtyard and the staircases were moved to the exterior of the construction, eliminating any dark hallways."<br /> <br /> See image of this in [Mumford, ''The Culture of Cities,''1938] p.212.
▲"The Model Houses for Families are now re-erected in Kennington Park Road."
▲The design was further developed on by Sir Sydney Waterlow and his Improved Dwellings Company for their Langbourn Building in London in 1863. [Flandro et al, 2008]. This had 80 dwellings. Sir Sydney Waterlow subsequently led building of the Corporation Houses on Farringdon road, completed 1865 (see below).
▲</div><br />
▲=== Investment vs philanthropy: The Metropolitan Association vs the SICLC ===
Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrial Poor.
In 1844 the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labourer's_Friend_Society '''Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes''']
see discussion
=== Peabody Trust philanthropic housing (1863-) ===
"The Trust was founded in 1862 by London-based American banker George Peabody, who in the 1850s had developed a great affection for London, and determined to make a charitable gift to benefit it. The aim of the organisation, he said, would be to "ameliorate the condition of the poor and needy of this great metropolis, and to promote their comfort and happiness".
"The Peabody Trust was later constituted by Act of Parliament, stipulating its objectives to work solely within London for the relief of poverty. This was to be expressed through the provision of model dwellings for the capital's poor.
"Today it is one of London's oldest and largest housing associations with around 55,000 properties across London and the South East. It is also a community benefit society and urban regeneration agency, a developer with a focus on regeneration, and a provider of an extensive range of community programmes." -Wikipedia, "Peabody Trust".
<br /></div>
==== Peabody building on Commercial Street (completed 1864) ====
[[File:Peabody-Building Commercial Street London 1864 4.jpg|none|thumb|700x700px]]
<br />
[[File:Peabody-Building Commercial Street London 1864 2jpg.jpg|alt=1st Peabody Trust building, Commercial Street, London, completed 1864|none|thumb|640x640px|1st Peabody Trust building, Commercial Street, London, completed 1864]]
<br />
[[File:Peabody-Building Commercial Street London 1864 3.jpg|alt=1st Peabody Trust building, Commercial Street, London, completed 1864|none|thumb|500x500px|1st Peabody Trust building, Commercial Street, London, completed 1864]]
[[File:Peabody-Building Commercial Street London 1864 1.jpg|alt=1st Peabody Trust building, Commercial Street, London, completed 1864|none|thumb|760x760px|1st Peabody Trust building, Commercial Street, London, completed 1864]]
==== Peabody Square, Islington (1865) ====
<br />
===City of London Corporation Houses on Farringdon Road (1865) ===
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Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 [UK]<br />
===
"The City of London Corporation built tenements in Farringdon Road in 1865, but this was an isolated instance. The first council to build housing as an integrated policy was Liverpool Corporation, starting with St Martin's Cottages in Ashfield Street, Vauxhall, completed in 1869. The Corporation then built Victoria Square Dwellings, opened by Home Secretary Sir Richard Cross in 1885." -Wikipedia.
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"Though St Martin’s Cottages were the nation’s first municipally-built houses for the working class, not only were they an experiment—a model for private builders to emulate—but the provisions of the Liverpool Sanitary Amendment Act 1864 under which they were constructed were not intended to enable the authority to purchase swathes of insanitary houses in order to create building plots of a suitable size to undertake rebuilding. Neither did it place any requirement upon the Corporation to rehouse those whom it displaced." [Dockerill 2016]
===
Farringdon Road Buildings, built by Metropolitan Association for Improving the Dwellings of the Industrial Poor in mid-1870s opposite Corporation Buildings.
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described in Gissing, George. ''The Nether World'' (1889).
===
"The Insanitary Property Committee, established in 1883, gave teeth to the 1864 Act and cleared a notorious area of slum housing in Nash Grove but what to do with those displaced? The Council still hoped that private enterprise might step up to the challenge but speculative building profits lay in the suburbs. Once more, the Council undertook to build itself on a plan devised by then City Engineer, Clement Dunscombe." This produced the Victoria Square Dwellings, completed in 1885." [Stoughton 2013].
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===
"The world’s first large-scale [public] housing project was also built in London, to replace one of the capital’s most notorious slums – the Old Nichol. Nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday. Arthur Morrison wrote the influential ''A Child of the Jago'', an account of the life of a child in the slum, which sparked a public outcry.
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== Housing reform and Model Tenements in the US
<div style="clear: both">
US housing reform and social housing has somewhat paralleled that in the UK, particularly in the 19thC with studies on and responses to slum conditions in New York City, the development of philanthropic housing, and tenement reform regulations. Public housing, however, came much later and to a much smaller part of the population: briefly as wartime worker housing in WWI, and then widely starting in mid-1930s, with new construction largely ending by the early 1980s and total units capped by law. As with the UK's shift in new construction from council housing largely to private "housing associations" and market housing in the 1980s, and also later to Housing Benefit subsidy, the US shifted largely to supporting private development with Low Income Tax Credits, and individuals with housing vouchers.
A definitive study of US housing reform movement, focusing particularly on New York City, is James Ford. [https://archive.org/details/slumshousingwith0001ford Slums and Housing - With Special Reference to New York City - History, Conditions, Policy]. Harvard University Press, 1936. [Ford 1936].
Summarized and extended by helpful paper: <br /> Hoffman, Alexander von. "[https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf. The Origins of American Housing Reform]." Harvard University Joint Center for Housing Studies, publication W98-2, August 1998.
<br />
====Workingman's Home, NYC, 1855====
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===NYC Council of Hygiene's Tenement Survey & model plans ===
"With the United States government hesitant to intervene in housing problems (the government saw this as an invasion on private property rights), civic groups, architects and philanthropists began to look for possible solutions to the housing conditions in New York in foreign projects, particularly in Britain and France.
"In the 1860s were established the New York City Council of Hygiene, a Citizens Association, and the Department of Survey and
</div>
====Tower Buildings, Brooklyn
[[File:Tower-Buildings-Brooklyn-1879-1.jpg|thumb|right|600px|Tower Buildings model worker housing, Brooklyn, 1879]]
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See Gray (2008), "[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html Architectural Wealth, Built for the Poor]." New York Times. 10 Oct, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/12/realestate/12scap.html.
Note: HousingWiki editor Tim McCormick lived for seven years near the Tower Buildings.[[File:2-Warren-Place-Brooklyn-1870s.jpg|thumb|right|700px|2 Warren Place (Warren Mews) worker housing, Brooklyn, 1870s]] Alfred Tredway White also built nearby Warren Mews (2 Warren Place, 1877).. See [Hogarty 2012].
<div style="clear: both">
White, Alfred Tredway. ''Improved Dwellings for the Working Classes: The need, and the way to meet it on strict commercial pinciples''. (1877, revised 1879). At Internet Archive: https://archive.org/details/improveddwelling00whit.
____. ''Better Homes for Workingmen'' (1885).
____. ''Riverside Buildings'' (1890).
all of above available at Internet
</div>
==United States public housing==
<div style="clear: both"> </div>
[[File:Mare-Island-Vallejo-USHC-housing-1919.jpg|thumb|right|600px|USHC worker housing at Mare Island, Vallejo, California. 1915 plan]]
===
Ben-Joseph, Eran. "[http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/ww1/ww1a.html Workers' Paradise: The Forgotten Communities of World War I]." Online research project, MIT School of Architecture+ Planning. <br /> http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/ww1/ww1a.html.
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Today the area is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_Homes_Historic_District_(Milwaukee,_Wisconsin) Garden Homes Historic District], containing all of the 93 original buildings, comprising 105 housing units.
===
Illinois Senator Paul Douglas published "The Coming of a New Party" in 1932 [Douglas 1932], calling for a US equivalent to the UK Labour Party. Among other topics, he also proposed mixed-income public housing, adapted from the Vienna model, paid for with rents, land value tax, and Federal subsidies. <br />
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===Contemporary mixed or middle-income housing
Headwaters Apartment & Headwaters Village, Portland.
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"inexpensive housing" system established in France in 1894 via the Siegfried law, financed mainly by charitable sources. Predecessor to HLM system.
=== HLM: Habitation à Loyer Modéré===
("rent-controlled housing"), a form of private or public social housing in France, Algeria, Senegal, Quebec; started 1950. 16% of French housing. 1998 law requires French towns to have 20%+ HLM. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLM<br />
=== French contract units system (contemporary)===
contracting for affordable units in private developments is how France mostly does it:
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==
wikipedia says Urban Renaissance manages about 750k units. Japan has about 50M households, so UR/social housing is about 1.5% of households. For comparison, US Federal rent assistance (Public, Sec 8 project, Sec 8 voucher, etc) helps about 4.8M of 326M population, also about 1.5%
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==Contemporary proposals
===SF YIMBY proposal for mixed-income public housing (2017- )===
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[[File:Peoples-Policy-Project--Social-Housing-report-cover-2018.jpg|thumb|right|500px|PPP]]
=== People's Policy Project social housing proposal (2018)
In April 5, 2018, the People's Policy Project (founded by writer Matt Breunig) released "[https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2018/04/05/a-plan-to-solve-the-housing-crisis-through-social-housing/ A Plan to Solve the Housing Crisis Through Social Housing]," authored by Irish political organizer Peter Gowan and New York-based journalist Ryan Cooper. [Gowan 2018].
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[[File:A-National-Homes-Guarantee-Briefing-Book-2019.jpg|thumb|right|500px|A National Homes Guarantee, Briefing Book (Sept 2019)]]
=== Homes Guarantee initiative from People's Action (2019)===
<blockquote>''"For decades, tenants, residents of public and subsidized housing, and people experiencing homelessness have been organizing to protect their rights and win structural reforms, in and across cities, suburbs, and small towns, all over the country. People’s Action has a long history of driving visionary housing policy. Our members, along with movement partners, have won landmark reforms like the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (1975), Community Reinvestment Act (1977), Dodd-Frank (2010), and much more at the state and local levels.'' ''"Grassroots leaders, as a part of the People’s Action housing justice cohort, developed the Homes Guarantee framework over a year ago. Since then, we launched an intensive organizing process: building our base through popular education trainings on racial capitalism and housing policy, forging relationships with legislative champions, hosting a briefing with the Congressional Progressive Caucus, recruiting a policy team, and, finally, drafting our ambitious proposal for a national Homes Guarantee. We completed a draft in late July.'' ''"Since then, our member organizations and grassroots leaders have picked it apart and put it back together, making our vision bigger, bolder, and more responsive to community needs. Additionally, over 115 movement allies and institutions have reviewed the draft and submitted feedback''</blockquote>
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*Bonnewit, Natalie. “[http://www.gmfus.org/publications/affordable-housing-amsterdam-and-copenhagen-lessons-san-francisco-bay-area Affordable Housing in Amsterdam and Copenhagen: Lessons for the San Francisco Bay Area].” German Marshall Fund of the United States, 8 December 2017. http://www.gmfus.org/publications/affordable-housing-amsterdam-and-copenhagen-lessons-san-francisco-bay-area.<br />
*Boughton, John. ''Municipal Dreams: The Rise and Fall of Council Housing'', 2018. <br />
* Boughton, John. "Workers' housing, 1776, in Cromford Village, courtesy of Richard Arkwright and up the hill its 20th century democratic equivalent." [https://twitter.com/MunicipalDreams/status/1102187952732545025?s=20 Tweet Mar 3, 2019]. . <br />
* Calavita, Nico, and Alan Mallach (Eds). ''Inclusionary Housing in International Perspective: Affordable Housing, Social Inclusion, and Land Value Recapture''. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, July 2010.<br /> [http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf Table of Contents, Forward, Preface, Ch. 1]. [http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf. http://www.lincolninst.edu/sites/default/files/pubfiles/inclusionary-housing-in-international-perspective-chp.pdf. ]<br />
*Carter, Leighton. "The Slum of All Fears: Dickens's Concern with Urban Poverty and Sanitation." article in Brown University's Victorianweb.org, 2007.<br />
*Comptroller General of the United States. "[https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf Section 236 Rental Housing -- An Evaluation With Lessons For The Future.]" PAD-78-13 JANUARY 10, 1978. https://www.gao.gov/assets/130/121049.pdf<br /> ''"This report presents a comprehensive evaluation of the section 236 program; compares section 236 to many other Federal programs;<br /> and discusses investment incentives, program equity, subsidized tenants and program impact. The 236 program has succeded in providing nearly half a million housing units to an income group which is now largely excluded from housing assistance.<br /> It contains recommendations to the Congress and the Department of Housing and Urban Development which would assure that moderate income households receive a reasonable share of future housing assistance."''<br />
*Congressional Research Service. "[https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html Overview of Federal Housing Assistance Programs and Policy]." July 22, 2008 – March 27, 2019. https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL34591.html.<br />
* Conrad, Joseph. (1912) "A Friendly Place/" ''Notes on Life and Letters'', 1912, p. 203. cited in [Survey of London, 2019].<br />
*Curl, James S. (1983). ''The life and work of Henry Roberts, 1803-1876: the evangelical conscience and the campaign for model housing and healthy nations''. Chichester : Phillimore, 1983. <br />
*Dockerill, Bertie (2015). "From St Martin's Cottages to Juvenal Dwellings: Liverpool's pioneering role in the provision of public housing." ''Liverpool History Journal'' 14 (2015). <nowiki>https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131169926.pdf</nowiki>. <br />
*Dockerill, Bertie. (2016). "Liverpool Corporation and the origins of municipal social housing, 1842–1890." ''Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire'', 165, 39–56. doi:10.3828/transactions.165.5.<blockquote>''"Abstract:'' ''This article addresses the improvements made to the housing and sanitation conditions of Liverpool’s working-class poor through a series of municipal initiatives between 1842 and 1890. In the vanguard of municipal social responsibility initiatives nationally, the Corporation of Liverpool rejected prevailing laissez-faire attitudes, setting a benchmark for sanitary improvements before clearing slums in order to construct the country’s first purpose-built council housing. With regard to the latter, the Corporation initially sought to stress its role as being one of educating the private sector as to what might be achieved, rather than becoming a long-term provider of social housing. In the twenty years after 1866, that which had been conceived as a model became a stated policy objective. While laudable in intent, the existing framework of limited local governance meant that only the smallest percentage of working-class residents was directly aided. As the article concludes, further progress was only made once the issue of housing provision was allied to that of rentable values charged. This was a policy development dependent upon national legislative changes and thus one upon which Liverpool Corporation could not act alone."'' </blockquote>
*Douglas, Paul. ''The Coming of a New Party''. (1932). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004856913&view=1up&seq=11. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015004856913&view=1up&seq=11. ] [version with images viewable online; text-only version downloadable as PDF].<br />
*Flandro et al (2008). "[https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives Progressive Housing in New York City: A Closer Look at Model Tenements and Finnish Cooperatives]."<br /> (Xsusha Carlyann Flandro, Christine Huh, Negin Maleki, Mariana Sarango-Manaças, & Jennifer Schork; for Historical Preservation Graduate Studio II, Columbia University, Spring 2008). <br /> [https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives. https://www.scribd.com/document/2963635/Progressive-Housing-in-New-York-City-A-Closer-Look-at-Model-Tenements-and-Finnish-Cooperatives. ]<br />
*Ford, James. Slums and Housing - With Special Reference to New York City - History, Conditions, Policy. Harvard University Press, 1936 https://archive.org/details/slumshousingwith0001ford.<br />
*Gill, Stephen. "Notes" to Oxford University Press edition of ''The Nether World'' by George Gissing. 1992. <br />
*Gissing, George (1889).
*Government Accountability Office, United States (GAO). "[https://www.gao.gov/mobile/products/PAD-78-62 Section 236 Rental Housing: An Assessment of HUD's Comments on GAO's Evaluations.]" PAD-78-62, Apr 20, 1978. https://www.gao.gov/mobile/products/PAD-78-62.<br />
*Gowan, Peter, and Ryan Cooper. "[https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2018/04/05/a-plan-to-solve-the-housing-crisis-through-social-housing/ A Plan to Solve the Housing Crisis Through Social Housing]." People's Policy Project, April 5, 2018. [https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2018/04/05/a-plan-to-solve-the-housing-crisis-through-social-housing/. https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2018/04/05/a-plan-to-solve-the-housing-crisis-through-social-housing/. ]<br />
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*Hoffman, Alexander von [1998]. "[https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf The Origins of American Housing Reform]." Harvard University Joint Center for Housing Studies, publication W98-2, August 1998. [https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf. https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/von_hoffman_w98-2.pdf. ]<br />
*Hogarty, Dave. "[https://ny.curbed.com/2012/2/15/10396106/warren-mews-cottage-for-workingman-with-1-375-million Warren Mews Cottage For Workingman With $1.375 Million.]" Curbed NY, Feb 15, 2012. [https://ny.curbed.com/2012/2/15/10396106/warren-mews-cottage-for-workingman-with-1-375-million. https://ny.curbed.com/2012/2/15/10396106/warren-mews-cottage-for-workingman-with-1-375-million. ]<br />
* Ingalls, Julia. "[https://archinect.com/features/article/149956316/touring-some-of-the-world-s-most-attractive-public-housing-projects Touring some of the world's most attractive public housing projects.]" ''Archinect. ''August 9, 2016. <br />
*Karakusevic, Paul, and Abigail Batchelor. (2017). ''Social Housing: Definitions and Design Exemplars''. RIBA Publishing, 2017. <br />
*Kay, James Phillips (1832). ''The moral and physical condition of the working classes employed in the cotton manufacture in Manchester.'' https://archive.org/details/moralphysicalcon00kaysuoft/. <br />
*Kemeny, Jim. "From Public Housing to Social Market" (1995). https://books.google.com/books?id=DjGIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR1&lpg=PR1&dq=Jim+Kemeny+From+Public+Housing+to+Social+Market&source=bl&ots=Z9PNHbPSHq&sig=Sxrayape8GgzGi1dbj8Df2rpQ1Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj95enOgvXUAhWHx4MKHa8LDiQQ6AEISjAN#v=onepage&q&f=false.<br />
* Lubarsky, Zack. "#SocialHousing." Blog post, 23 April 2018. http://hashtaghashtag.org/blog-1/2018/4/22/socialhousing.<br /> "What if the city instead ''buys'' apartment buildings on the open market, and rent them out to pay back the municipal bonds?" brief financial analysis using Seattle. <br />
*Mallach, Alan. "Using the Wrong Tools to Build Affordable Housing." ''Shelterforce, ''1 March 2016. <br /> ''"Now, when French developers build subdivisions or condo projects, nonprofit housing corporations enter into turnkey contracts with the developer to buy blocs of apartments or houses, up to a maximum of 50 percent, of the units in the development. Based on those contracts, the nonprofits apply for a package of government loans, grants, and tax breaks so they can both buy the units and make sure they remain affordable. When the projects are completed, the nonprofit buys the units and operates them as affordable rental housing."''<br />
*Mayhew, Henry. ''London Labour and the London Poor''. (periodical publication in 1840s; collected for book publication in 1851).<br />
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*Plunz, Richard (2016). ''A History of Housing in New York City.''
*Pooley, C. (2006). "Living in Liverpool". In J. Belchem (Ed.), ''Liverpool 800 : Character, Culture, History : Culture, Character and History'' (pp. 171-255). Liverpool University Press.<br />
*Radford, Gail. ''Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era'' (1996).<br />
*Roberts, Henry. (1850, 1855, 1867). ''The dwellings of the labouring classes, their arrangement and construction: with the essentials of a healthy dwelling''. London: Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes. 1855 2nd edition: https://archive.org/details/dwellingslabouringclasses/. 1867 revised and augmented edition: https://archive.org/details/dwellingsoflabou00robe/. <br />
*Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes, 1884-5 - Report. <br />
*Stoughton, John. "Municipal Housing in Liverpool before 1914: the ‘first council houses in Europe’". ''Municipal Dreams'' blog, 8 Oct 2013. <nowiki>https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/2013/10/08/liverpool-first-council-houses-in-europe/</nowiki>. <br />
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*Survey of London. "The History of the Survey of London." accessed 17 April, 2020. [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/architecture/research/survey-london/history-survey-london.]<br />
*Tarn, John Nelson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yCQ9AAAAIAAJ Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas Between 1840 and 1914]. Cambridge University Press, 1973. <br /> https://books.google.com/books?id=yCQ9AAAAIAAJ.<br />
*Thaden, Emily and Ruoniu Wang<sup>1</sup>. (2017) "Inclusionary Housing in the United States: Prevalence, Impact, and Practices." Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, September 2017. <sup>1</sup> both of Grounded Solutions Network. <br />
*Trauss, Sonja [2018]. "Socialism is here, if you want it." [https://twitter.com/SonjaTrauss/status/970825100294533121?s=20 Tweet, Mar 5, 2018, 4:55pm]. (referencing [Trauss 2018b] below). <br />
*Trauss, Sonja [2018b]. Description of mixed-income social housing on San Francisco public land. Tweet, Mar 5, 2018. <br /> https://twitter.com/SonjaTrauss/status/970821176296534016?s=20.<br />
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*White, Alfred Tredway. ''Improved Dwellings for the Working Classes: The need, and the way to meet it on strict commercial pinciples''. (1877, revised 1879). <br /> ____. ''Better Homes for Workingmen'' (1885). <br /> ____. ''Riverside Buildings ''(1890).<br /> all of above available at Internet Archive [https://books.google.com/books?id=-hVRAQAAMAAJ [1]]. <br />
*Whitman, Walt. "Wicked Architecture" (''Life Illustrated,'' July 19,1856) - mainly about dwelling-houses. Part II from a series, "New York Dissected". This was unsigned, but has been attributed to Whitman by scholars. https://whitmanarchive.org/published/periodical/journalism/tei/per.00270.html. On Image 5 of the scanned page images listed. <br />
*Wikipedia. "First Houses." [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Houses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Houses. ]<br />
*Wohl, Anthony S. (1977). ''The Eternal Slum: Housing and Social Policy in Victorian London''. Originally published in 1977 by Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd; Published 2002 by Transaction Publishers; Published 2017 by Routledge.
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