Anonymous user
NIMBY: Difference between revisions
no edit summary
imported>Tmccormick No edit summary |
imported>Tmccormick No edit summary |
||
| (14 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1:
[[File:Morris-Not-In-My-Back-Yard-The-Handbook1.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Morris,]]
'''NIMBY''' stands for "Not in my backyard." It refers to opposition to locating something considered undesirable in one's neighborhood or area.
Line 6 ⟶ 8:
The term [[YIMBY_movement|YIMBY]], for Yes In My Backyard, was coined as a play on NIMBY.
'NIMBY' was coined as, and generally remains, a critical and pejorative term, which people hardly ever use to self-identify. So if used as a term for a person (as opposed to say a ''dynamic ''or ''syndrome), ''it may be viewed as inherently polarizing. <br/> A relatively rare case of someone using NIMBY to self-identify is Jane Anne Morris, ''Not In My Back Yard: The Handbook'' (1994), pictured at right. However, the sense in which she uses the term is more like, '''NIABY''', "Not In Anyone's Backyard," i.e. opposition to land-uses which it is argued should not happen at all, such as radioactive waste disposal. (See: [[NIMBY_and_YIMBY_related_terms|NIMBY and YIMBY related terms]]). <br/>
==
The Oxford English Dictionary identifies the earliest use of the 'NIMBY' acronym' as being in 1980 in the Christian Science Monitor:
<blockquote>''"People are now thoroughly alert to the dangers of hazardous chemical wastes. The very thought of having even a secure landfill anywhere near them is anathema to most Americans today. It’s an attitude referred to in the trade as NIMBY—'not in my backyard.'"''<br/> —Emilie Travel Livezey, “Hazardous waste,” The Christian Science Monitor, November 6, 1980.<br/> </blockquote>
== Other discussions ==
from one of the earliest discussions of NIMBY phenomenon: Michael Dear [1992] “Understanding and Overcoming the NIMBY Syndrome.” Journal of the American Planning Association 58 (3): 288–300.▼
<blockquote>''"In plain language, NIMBYis the motivation of residents who want to protect their turf. More formally, NIMBY refers to the protectionist attitudes of and oppositional tactics adopted by community groups facing an unwelcome development in theirneighborhood. Such controversial developments encom-pass a wide range of land-use proposals, including many human service facilities, landfill sites, hazardous wastefacilities, low-income housing, nuclear facilities, and air-ports. Residents usually concede that these “noxious” facilities are necessary, but not near their homes, hence the term “not in my back yard.”''<br/> <br/> ''"Of course, not all oppositionis counterproductive: Neighborhood complaints can result in valuable improvements to proposed programs;and vocal, client-led opposition may cause positive adjustments to the program plans of human service providers. This essay, however, focuses on the more self-interested, turf-protectionist behavior of facility opponents in an attempt to provide a perspective on the NIMBY phenomenon and to reduce an apparently chaotic concept to manageable proportions in ways that will beuseful for planners, advocates, and service providers. Thearticle addresses three important themes: the nature of community opposition, factors determining community attitudes, and a guide to alternative strategies for community relations."''</blockquote> ▼
=== Scott Campbell [1996] ===
Campbell, Scott. "Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities? Urban Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development." ''Journal of the American Planning Assocation,'' Summer 1996, p.296-312. This excerpt discusses NIMBY phenomenon:
<blockquote>
<u>''Merging the Substantive and Procedural''</u>
''"The individual shortcomings of the approaches described above suggest that combining them can achieve both political and substantive progress in the environmental-economic crisis. The most successful solutions seem to undertake several different resolution strategies at once. For example, negotiation among developers, city planners, and land-use preservationists can produce an innovative, clustered design for a housing development, plus a per-unit fee for preserving open space. Substantive vision combined with negotiating skills thus allows planners to create winwin solutions, rather than either negotiating in a zerosum game or preparing inert, ecotopian plans. This approach is not a distant ideal for planners: they already have, from their education and experience, both this substantive knowledge and this political savvy. ''<br/>
''"In the end, however, the planner must also deal with conflicts where one or more parties have no interest in resolution. One nonresolution tactic is the '''NIMBY, Not In My Back Yard''', response: a crude marriage of local initiative and the age-old externalizing of pollution. This "take it elsewhere" strategy makes no overall claim to resolve conflict, though it can be a productive form of resistance rather than just irrational parochialism (Lake 1993). Nor does em-terrorism consider balance. Instead, it replaces the defensive stance of NIMBY with offensive, confrontational, symbolic action. Resolution is also avoided out of cavalier confidence that one's own side can manage the opposition through victory, not compromise ("My side will win, so why compromise?"). Finally, an "I don't care stance avoids the conflict altogether. Unfortunately, this ostensible escapism often masks a more pernicious NIMBY or "my side will win" hostility, just below the surface."''</blockquote>
=== Hankinson [2018] ===
Line 14 ⟶ 36:
Hankinson [2018] offers this definition and statement of problem:
<blockquote>''‘Not In My Back Yard’ or ‘NIMBY’ opposition (Dear, 1992; Schively, 2007) creates a collective action problem for the housing supply. Despite supporting supply citywide, residents individually have an incentive to ‘defect’ and block new housing proposed for their own neighborhood. If the permitting process allows individual residents to defect from a group interest of more supply, then NIMBYism will not only lead to less new housing overall, but to a level of supply below majoritarian preferences. This ability of NIMBYism to undermine collective action extends beyond housing to an array of land uses, from clean energy facilities (Stokes, 2016) and landfills (Lake, 1996) to homeless shelters and social service centers (Dear, 1992). So long as the costs are spatially concentrated, even broadly supported land uses will face NIMBY opposition.''</blockquote>
=== Monkkonen & Manville (2018): Anti-developer sentiment ===
▲=== <br/> Dear [1992] ===
Monkkonen, Paavo, and Michael Manville. "[http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/Documents/areas/ctr/ziman/2018-04WP.pdf Opposition to Development or Opposition to Developers?: Survey Evidence from Los Angeles County on Attitudes towards New Housing.]" Working paper. February 22, 2018.
<blockquote>'''''"Abstract:'''<br/> '''Problem, Research Strategy and Findings''':<br/> Opposition to new housing at higher densities is a pervasive problem in planning. Such opposition constrains the housing supply and undermines both affordability and sustainability in growing metropolitan areas. Relatively little research, however, examines the motives behind such opposition, and much of the research that does exist examines only opponents’ stated concerns, which may differ from their underlying reasons. We use a survey-framing experiment, administered to over 1,300 people in Los Angeles County, to measure the relative power of different arguments against new housing. We test the impact of common anti-housing arguments: about traffic congestion, neighborhood character, and strained local services. We also, however, introduce the idea that local residents might not like development because they do not like developers. We find strong evidence for this idea: opposition to new development increases by 20 percentage points when respondents see the argument that a developer is likely to earn a large profit from the building. This magnitude is double the increase in opposition associated with concerns about traffic congestion.''<br/> <br/> ''"'''Takeaway for Practice''':<br/> Housing opposition is often framed as a form of risk aversion. Our findings, however, suggest that at least some opposition to housing might be motivated not by residents’ fears of their own losses, but resentment of others’ gains. This finding in turn suggests the possibility that housing opposition could be influenced by vicious cycles of regulation and resentment. Many expensive cities are heavily-regulated, and in such cities only deep-pocketed and aggressive developers can afford to build. The prevalence of such developers might reinforce negative stereotypes about them, and fuel animus against them, further complicating efforts to build housing. Finally, such resentment might help explain the popularity of regulations—such as exactions—whose costs to developers are certain but whose benefits to society are less so. If residents derive satisfaction from seeing developers punished, the persistence of these programs in the face of ambiguous evidence about their efficacy becomes less mysterious."''</blockquote>
=== Nall & Marble [2018] - homeowner interest trumps ideology ===
Clayton Nall and Will Marble (2018). "[https://drive.google.com/open?id=1QuqlPHqYb_Eu6gxwDNHneWEtSkGjgfwJ Where Interests Trump Ideology: The Persistent Influence of Homeownership in Local Development Politics]." Working paper, Feb 3 2018.
Nall noted in tweet announcing paper: "includes many of the findings from our earlier working paper, 'Beyond NIMBYism' "
<blockquote>''"Summary [drawn from introduction section. -ed] :<br/> We find that messages designed to appeal to economic liberals by emphasizing the effects of additional housing development on local housing prices generally have a minimal effect, and, depending on how economic arguments are framed, can even reduce liberal homeowners’ support of housing development. Additional messages that also emphasize the corresponding benefits of new housing on affordability for lower- and middle-income families generally offset this priming of homeowner interest. These results confirm that Americans do express substantial self-interested political behavior when the stakes are visible and consequential—even when this contradicts prior liberal commitments. Homeowners prioritize their interests as homeowners over their prior ideological commitments."''</blockquote>
=== Pendall [1999] ===
<blockquote>''"When reduced to its most literal interpretation of 'not in my backyard,' the term NIMBY connotes a selfish desire to abdicate responsibility for important community facilities. Where housing is concerned, NIMBY is a label most commonly applied to people who oppose subsidized dwellings, group homes, and shelters for the homeless. But in recent years, homebuilders and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) under Secretary Kemp have painted all opposition to housing with this broad NIMBY brush (Advisory Commission on Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing 1991). This interpretation of opposition to housing extends to the academic literature as well (Frieden 1979). Yet opponents cite myriad reasons for changing or stopping new housing projects. In this article, I presume that we can learn much more about the planning and development process by taking these concerns at face value...'' ''"I do not presume to establish generalized rules about protests against housing. In fact, I have the opposite intent: to counter attempts to sup- press protest by labeling it with a general, pejorative term and to encourage the search for seeds of truth within protest."'' ''"Fiscal impact studies tend to show that most housing types generate less property tax reve- nue than they demand in local services (Livingston and Blayney 1971; Hughes 1974; Commonwealth Research Group, Inc. 1995)."''</blockquote> <blockquote>
''"Residential developments provoke controversy for many different reasons, especially in a setting that has a highly educated, politically active, and environmentally concerned citizenry such as the San Francisco Bay Area....Antigrowth and NIMBY protests were both more com- mon in jurisdictions with lower median incomes."''
</blockquote>
=== ===
▲from one of the earliest discussions of NIMBY phenomenon: Michael Dear [1992] “Understanding and Overcoming the NIMBY Syndrome.” Journal of the American Planning Association 58 (3): 288–300.
▲<blockquote>''"In plain language, NIMBYis the motivation of residents who want to protect their turf. More formally, NIMBY refers to the protectionist attitudes of and oppositional tactics adopted by community groups facing an unwelcome development in theirneighborhood. Such controversial developments encom-pass a wide range of land-use proposals, including many human service facilities, landfill sites, hazardous wastefacilities, low-income housing, nuclear facilities, and air-ports. Residents usually concede that these “noxious” facilities are necessary, but not near their homes, hence the term “not in my back yard.”'' ''"Of course, not all oppositionis counterproductive: Neighborhood complaints can result in valuable improvements to proposed programs;and vocal, client-led opposition may cause positive adjustments to the program plans of human service providers. This essay, however, focuses on the more self-interested, turf-protectionist behavior of facility opponents in an attempt to provide a perspective on the NIMBY phenomenon and to reduce an apparently chaotic concept to manageable proportions in ways that will beuseful for planners, advocates, and service providers. Thearticle addresses three important themes: the nature of community opposition, factors determining community attitudes, and a guide to alternative strategies for community relations."''</blockquote>
== in San Francisco Bay Area ==
NIMBYism can be considered as part of an complex mixtures of factors created opposition to development: see Dowall, David E. (1982). "[https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/1983/1/cj2n3-4.pdf The Suburban Squeeze: Land-Use Policies in the San Francisco Bay Area.]" Cato Journal, Vol 2, No 3 (Winter 1982).
This concept has particular relevance in tight housing markets, which would benefit from the creation of new affordable housing. In some of these housing markets, such as the San Francisco Bay Area, people holding concerns about new development activists have successfully blocked the new housing construction needed to meet demand.▼
<blockquote>''"A suburban land squeeze has hit the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area. Extensive post-warland development, increasing use of growth management controls, more restrictive land-use and environmental regulations, and a ffgo-slow” development posture created by the passage of Propositions 4 and 13 have combined to reduce land conversion opportunities in the region considerably."''</blockquote>
▲
Arguments against new construction from some of these advocates include the idea that new development will negatively alter the character or "soul" of the area and that it will drive [[Displacement|displacement]] and [http://yimby.wiki/wiki/Gentrification gentrification]. Such activists argue that in housing markets with rising prices, there are incentives for landlords to evict low-income tenants in order to demolish and build larger luxury housing or to sell at a high profit to developers.
Line 40 ⟶ 84:
In Portland, Oregon, for example, the Residential Infill Project, a committee of residents, builders, city planners and low-income housing experts is researching changes to regulations on height and scale requirements for new homes, increased density as well as an easement to limits on demolitions. Portlanders are also exploring duplex and triplex [[Co-housing|co-housing]], [[Accessory_dwelling|accessory dwelling]] units, building around natural features like trees and converting large single household dwellings into apartments. While many YIMBY activists do call for increased density by building up and increasing floor area ratios, these low-rise strategies embraced by YIMBY advocates as ''part'' of the solution to the housing crunch run counter to NIMBY fears and rhetoric about the development of new high-rise condo buildings.
Other YIMBY strategies that speak to stated opponent concerns about affordable housing focus on lowering the cost to build affordable units by building on disused or underutilized municipal land (e.g. vacant lots and parking lots), lowering parking requirements for new developments and streamlining interior installations in units slated for low-income residents. Coupled with inclusionary zoning, linkage payments and increased density housing near public transportation hubs, this is the approach being examined in Cambridge, Massachusetts (see [http://www.abettercambridge.org/ A Better Cambridge]). In response, those raising concerns about new housing developments raise the concern of whether linkage payments and inclusionary zoning programs result in the creation of enough units (particularly two and three bedroom units for families versus smaller units geared towards singletons and childless couples) that rent for rates low enough to be affordable for those on low incomes. They also hold concerns that when developments are built with insuffucient parking that parking overflow can occur, resulting in residents circling to find a spot which slows traffic and adds to emissions. Actual reduction in car usage resulting from Transit Oriented Development may be minimal, especially in suburban locations with plentiful free parking or that are distant (e.g. >30 minutes) from a major employment center such as San Francisco.
Line 62 ⟶ 106:
*[[Co-housing|Co-housing]]
*[[Gentrification|Gentrification]]
Line 68 ⟶ 114:
*Bosetti, Nicolas, and Sam Sims. "[http://www.centreforlondon.org/publication/nimby-opposition/ STOPPED: Why People Oppose New Residential Developments in Their Back Yard]." Centre for London, 20 July 2016. An excellent study by Centre for London examined people's reasons for resisting new housing development. <br/>
*Campbell, Scott [1996]. "[https://my.vanderbilt.edu/greencities/files/2014/08/Campbell1.pdf Green Cities, Growing Cities, Just Cities? Urban Planning and the Contradictions of Sustainable Development]." ''Journal of the American Planning Assocation'', Summer 1996, p.296-312.<br/> [https://my.vanderbilt.edu/greencities/files/2014/08/Campbell1.pdf https://my.vanderbilt.edu/greencities/files/2014/08/Campbell1.pdf].<br/>
*Dear, Michael. 1992. “Understanding and Overcoming the NIMBY Syndrome.” Journal of the American Planning Association 58 (3): 288–300.<br/> [https://drive.google.com/open?id=11H7kPi1mL3NM9YYgkrMAMxc2UKII0aGI
*Dowall, David E. (1982). "[https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/1983/1/cj2n3-4.pdf The Suburban Squeeze: Land-Use Policies in the San Francisco Bay Area]." Cato Journal, Vol 2, No 3 (Winter 1982). [https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/1983/1/cj2n3-4.pdf https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/serials/files/cato-journal/1983/1/cj2n3-4.pdf].<br/>
*Fishel, William. "[https://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Papers/00-04.PDF Why Are There NIMBYs?]" 2000. An eminent US land-use/zoning scholar provides a useful analysis of the NIMBY phenomenon from an economic perspective. [https://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Papers/00-04.PDF https://www.dartmouth.edu/~wfischel/Papers/00-04.PDF]<br/>
*Glaberson, William. "Coping in the Age of 'NIMBY.'" ''New York Times,'' June 19, 1988. [http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/19/business/coping-in-the-age-of-nimby.html?pagewanted=all http://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/19/business/coping-in-the-age-of-nimby.html?pagewanted=all].<br/>
*
*Livezey, Emilie Travel. “Hazardous waste.” The Christian Science Monitor, November 6, 1980.<br/> [cited by Oxford English Dictionary as the first published use of the term].<br/>
*Monkkonen, Paavo, and Michael Manville. "[http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/Documents/areas/ctr/ziman/2018-04WP.pdf Opposition to Development or Opposition to Developers?: Survey Evidence from Los Angeles County on Attitudes towards New Housing]." Working paper. February 22, 2018. [http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/Documents/areas/ctr/ziman/2018-04WP.pdf http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/Documents/areas/ctr/ziman/2018-04WP.pdf].
*
Nall, Clayton, and Will Marble (2018). "[https://drive.google.com/open?id=1QuqlPHqYb_Eu6gxwDNHneWEtSkGjgfwJ Where Interests Trump Ideology: The Persistent Influence of Homeownership in Local Development Politics]." Working paper, Feb 3 2018. <br/> [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1QuqlPHqYb_Eu6gxwDNHneWEtSkGjgfwJ. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1QuqlPHqYb_Eu6gxwDNHneWEtSkGjgfwJ. ]<br/> "includes many of the findings from our earlier working paper, 'Beyond NIMBYism' "<br/>
*Iannarone, Sarah. “[http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2017/12/a_fix_for_portlands_growing_pa.html A fix for Portland's growing pains: Less 'NIMBY,' more unity.]" (Guest opinion). Dec 31, 2017<br/> [http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2017/12/a_fix_for_portlands_growing_pa.html http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2017/12/a_fix_for_portlands_growing_pa.html].<br/>
*Jacobus, Rick. “[https://shelterforce.org/2017/09/12/we-are-all-nimbys-sometimes/ We Are All NIMBYs…Sometimes.]” Shelterforce, September 12, 2017.<br/> [https://shelterforce.org/2017/09/12/we-are-all-nimbys-sometimes/ https://shelterforce.org/2017/09/12/we-are-all-nimbys-sometimes/].<br/>
*Kiefer, Matthew J. "[http://Planetizen.com/node/34505|The The Social Functions of #NIMBYism]" ''Harvard Graduate School of Design Magazine'', 2008: a nuanced, relatively sympathetic examination of NIMBYism. Republished by Planetizen. [https://www.planetizen.com/node/34505 https://www.planetizen.com/node/34505].<br/>
*Lewyn, Michael. "[http://works.bepress.com/lewyn/112/ Deny, Deny, Deny]." Real Estate Law Journal Vol. 44 (2016) p. 558 - 572.
*Morris. Jane Anne. ''Not In My Back Yard: The Handbook.'' 1994). <br/>
*Nicholson, C. (2014, February 18). Nostalgia and NIMBYism: Rebecca Solnit’s San Francisco — The Bold Italic — San Francisco [Online magazine.]. Retrieved from [https://thebolditalic.com/nostalgia-and-nimbyism-rebecca-solnit-s-san-francisco-the-bold-italic-san-francisco-e426d7d1847b#.orp12a6zl
*Pendall, Rolf. 1999. “Opposition to Housing: NIMBY and Beyond.” Urban Affairs Review 35 (1): 112–36.<br/> [https://drive.google.com/open?id=1pt6_CKnturB0dJn1lO-oFaWPlCDDQ4Sq https://drive.google.com/open?id=1pt6_CKnturB0dJn1lO-oFaWPlCDDQ4Sq].<br/>
*Portland growth survey shows 'not in my backyard' attitude | KGW.com. (2016, August 1). Retrieved from [http://www.kgw.com/news/local/portland-growth-survey-shows-not-in-my-backyard-attitude/63872102 [1]].<br/>
*Richardson, Lisa, and James Beaudreau [2013]. "[https://thenimbyclearinghouse.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/nimby_scholarly_literature_categorized_sept_2013.pdf Scholarly Literature on the Topic of NIMBYism]." September 2013.<br/> [https://thenimbyclearinghouse.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/nimby_scholarly_literature_categorized_sept_2013.pdf https://thenimbyclearinghouse.files.wordpress.com/2013/09/nimby_scholarly_literature_categorized_sept_2013.pdf].<br/>
*Rosenblum, Constance. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/realestate/sure-build-it-in-my-backyard.html Sure, Build It in My Backyard.]" [profile of New York YIMBY founder Nikolai Fedak]. April 4, 2014. [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/realestate/sure-build-it-in-my-backyard.html https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/realestate/sure-build-it-in-my-backyard.html].<br/>
*Schively, Carissa. 2007. “Understanding the NIMBY and LULU Phenomena: Reassessing our Knowledge Base and Informing Future Research.” Journal of Planning Literature 21 (3): 255–66.<br/> ''"Abstract:<br/> A substantial amount of research relative to the not in my backyard (NIMBY) and locally unwanted land use (LULU) phenomena has been conducted during the past two decades. The article begins by illustrating the complex nature of these phenomena, noting variation in the types of facilities considered LULUs, the range of participants who exhibit NIMBY responses, and the varied manner in which these phenomena have been described. The focus of the article then moves to the influence of perceptions relative to NIMBY and methods available to respond to NIMBY concerns. The article summarizes research in these areas with the purpose of reminding us of what we know about NIMBY and LULU phenomena and what continues to challenge planning practitioners. The literature review points to research opportunities and the need to integrate the findings of previously distinct areas of inquiry to inform planning practice."''<br/>
Line 86 ⟶ 143:
== See also: ==
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAVE_People CAVE People] ("Citizens Against Virtually Everything).
*[[NIMBY_and_YIMBY_related_terms|NIMBY and YIMBY related terms]]<br/>
[[Category:Resources]]
| |||