Homeless encampments: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Elia-2019-12-20-Stop-the-Sweeps-PDX-rally.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Stop the Sweeps PDX rally, 12/20/19. photo by Cory Elia]]
''this article is part of the [
''[Note, this page has been set to editable only by Administrators, because privacy concerns and material takedown request were received from City of Portland / Office of Management and Finance / HUCIRP. New material/edits are still welcome, you can email to editor@housing.wiki]. ''
"Cities, suburban communities, and rural areas across the United States have seen in recent years the rise of groups of people experiencing unsheltered homelessness together. The term encampment is widely used by journalists and researchers to describe these groups, but other terms include tent cities, homeless settlements, and homeless camps. Although their existence is not unprecedented, media reports suggest that the number of encampments has increased sharply in recent years." - HUD 2019 report [Cohen et al 2019].
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from intro:
"Tent Cities in America, A Pacific Coast Report lays the groundwork for:<br /> • Understanding the diversity and conditions under which tent cities are created<br /> • Comparing various levels of community acceptance, regulation, and governance<br /> • Advocating safe, legal, and effective methods and practices of encampment."</blockquote>[[File:DVV.jpg|thumb|Some in the community object to the concentration of RV dwelling on streets around Dignity Village]]While the report overall describes a number of clearly unsatisfactory situations, it notably singles out and features at the start of report, Portland, Oregon's '''Dignity Village''' as being set apart by its permanent site, high degree of self-governance, and status as a national/international model: <blockquote>" • Est. 2000 (Legally Recognized in 2001)<br /> • Population: 60<br /> • Location: Public Land / Urban Periphery / Permanent Site<br /> • Regulatory Status: Leased Public Land with City Contract to Operate.<br /> • Funding Source: The Community’s Own 501 c (3) Nonprofit<br /> • Structures: Wooden structures measuring up to 10x15 ft.
"Unlike other homeless encampments that are sponsored by local governments or outside nonprofits, Dignity Village’s model of complete self-governance and funding gives the homeless a unique sense of autonomy and ownership of their community. Having a permanent site (unlike other Pacific Northwest homeless encampments, which move to different churches every ninety days) furthers this sense of ownership and allows the homeless to make both tangible physical and social improvements to their community in a way that is not possible in a mobile community. Many of the homeless describe the village as a “stepping stone” to a better situation and the stability offered by the permanent nature of the village, which allows people to keep and store their items in one place, improve their residence and public assets, and be a part of a community that defines itself not simply as one of homeless people, but an eco-village and intentional community founded on socialistic and communal beliefs. All of this contribute to Dignity’s mission and sets it apart from the other encampments."
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=== O'Callaghan v. City of Portland ===
[[File:Michael-OCallaghan-camping-challenge.png|alt=Michael O'Callaghan & his challenge to Portland camping ban|thumb
from Bernstein, Maxine. "Appeals court revives challenge of Portland's anti-camping ordinance by man living under bridge." Posted Oct 02, 2018, updated Jan 29, 2019. https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2018/10/appeals_court_revives_challeng.html:<blockquote>''"Michael O<nowiki>'Callaghan filed a lawsuit in 2012 after getting his plywood, tarps and other belongings confiscated multiple times. He contends the ordinance banning camping on public property is unconstitutional as it applies to "thousands of Oregonians who have no place to sleep.''</nowiki>''
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==== post-Martin strategies - notes from National Forum on the Human Right to Housing 2019 ====
[[File:NLCHP-NFHRH-2019-graphic.png|thumb|right
National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty. "National Forum on the Human Right to Housing, Final Report". [http://nlchp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019-Forum-Report-FINAL.pdf http://nlchp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019-Forum-Report-FINAL.pdf].<blockquote>"On June 5th and 6th , 2019 more than 115 advocates, attorneys, currently and formerly homeless individuals, funders, and government representatives, gathered in Washington, D.C. for the annual National Forum on the Human Right to Housing organized by the National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty. This year, the Forum’s focus was on how to build on the Martin v. Boise decision which states communities cannot criminalize basic acts of survival like sleeping and self-sheltering in the absence of adequate alternatives. The Forum was designed to draw on the resources that each participant brought to the table and to help create new ones. The event provided the opportunity to share victories and challenges and strategize for future advocacy."
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This case concerning law in the City of Grants Pass, in southern Oregon, appears to be the first Federal court case that will test the 9th Circuit's ruling in Martin v Boise, on the constitutionality of laws prohibiting sleeping and camping in public areas when no shelter is reasonably available.
Suggested hashtag for it, and Twitter search link for that: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/BlakevGrantsPass?src=hashtag_click&f=live #BlakevGrantsPass].<br /> [[File:"It's the Climate" sign in Grants Pass, Oregon.jpg|alt=Grants Pass downtown, "It's The Climate" sign|thumb
==== Background ====
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Like a number of other cities in the Pacific Northwest, Grants Pass' economy was formerly dominated by the lumber industry, but this has declined since the 1970s while services and tourism have grown.
[[File:Grants-Pass-sign-Redwood-Empire-GGB.jpg|alt=Signs at Caveman Bridge in Grants Pass pointing to Redwood Empire & Golden Gate Bridge|thumb
As described in Portland's ''Street Roots'' article of 25 April 2020, <blockquote>''"It was as tourism season approached in 2013 that the city made official its methods for solving its homelessness problems, which business and government leaders perceived as a deterrence to visitors."''
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=== HUCIRP - Homelessness and Urban Camping Impact Reduction Program ===
[[File:OMF-HUCIRP red toilet.jpeg|thumb
[[File:Red toilet ceiling.jpg|thumb|right|alleged blood splatter inside HUCIRP red toilet]]HUCIRP is a working unit of Office of Management and Finance within the municipal government of Portland, Oregon.<ref>https://www.portlandoregon.gov/cbo/article/743341</ref> It is a 3.0 FTE program that is staffed by Lucas Hillier, Katie Lindsay and Jonathan Lewis<ref>https://www.opb.org/article/2020/11/24/portland-program-aims-to-help-homeless-campers-and-reduce-impact-of-camps-on-neighborhoods/</ref>. The program was budgeted for $5.8 million in FY2019-2020, and $6.5 million is requested for FY2021-22<ref>portlandoregon.gov/cbo/article/780711</ref>(p.208). The program manager Lucas Hillier was an aide to former mayor Charles Hales.<blockquote>''HUCIRP "is responsible for coordinating cleanup/abatement of unsanctioned campsites on City and ODOT [Oregon Department of Transportation] owned properties/rights-of-way within the City while managing the City’s One Point of Contact campsite reporting system." [City of Portland [https://www.portlandoregon.gov/toolkit/article/562211 HUCIRP site]]. ''</blockquote>
The program staff pronounce it like "HUCK-urp."<br />We suggest "hue-SURP" - like "usurp." ▼
==== Controversies ====
The city auditor investigated OMF's HUCIRP and found that the program frequently ignored hundreds of complaints about transient camps from citizens and
▲The program staff pronounce it like "HUCK-urp."<br />We suggest "hue-SURP" - like "usurp."
==== HUCIRP Strategic Plan 2019-2021 ====
[[File:City_of_Portland_OMF_HUCIRP_red_toilet.jpeg|thumb|right|the red toilet advocated by OMF-HUCIRP's Katherine Lindsay.
[[File:HUCIRP-Logo-City-of-Portland.png|thumb|right
<blockquote>''Strategic Goal #3 IDENTIFY/CREATE LAWFUL PLACES FOR PEOPLE TO SLEEP<br /> • Continue to work with the Joint Office of Homeless Services, Multnomah County, and other jurisdictions on public space management strategies that reduce the need for campsite cleanup interventions which require the removal and storage of personal property.<br /> • Implement a model of collaboration and cooperation with Portland Housing Bureau, Prosper Portland, OMF-HUCIRP, and property owning bureaus to identify underutilized City properties, or properties in pre-development stages, that could be used for alternative shelter purposes to provide lawful and organized places for people experiencing homelessness to sleep.''</blockquote>
They have been known to secretively place red portable toilets in community while refusing to disclose their placement location to community members.[https://overlookneighborhood.org/overlook-neighborhood-update-sept-12/ September 2020 Overlook Neighborhood Association meeting] In an email correspondence obtained from the city by the Oregonian newspaper through public records request, OMF HUCIRP's program coordinator Katie Lindsay alleges that a police officer referred to her as a "yahoo". Furthermore, Lindsay claimed that a police officer told community members that PPB would not follow up on the incidents of theft as "it relates to the city property or in regards to the threats towards city vendors, city staff, or damage to vendor’s property.", according to the Oregonian. https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/12/portable-toilets-in-southeast-portland-stolen-vandalized-in-escalating-fight-between-city-and-neighbors.html▼
==== Toilets (Port-a-Potties) Controversy ====
[https://overlookneighborhood.org/overlook-neighborhood-update-sept-12/ September 2020 Overlook Neighborhood Association meeting] notes allege that HUCIRP has been known to place red portable toilets in community with little to no advance notice to community members.
"Almost 90% of the complaints our program has received regarding these units are related to stigma connected to the homeless population and complaints about things that ‘could happen,’ but have not happened," Lindsay wrote to the citizen. In a response to a citizen's complaint about the toilet placed near the complainant's house, Lindsay replied "Access to water and appropriate toilet options are recognized by the UN General Assembly as a human right" <ref name="toilet"> https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/12/portable-toilets-in-southeast-portland-stolen-vandalized-in-escalating-fight-between-city-and-neighbors.html</ref> These people, however, are apparently denigrated as "dealing with transients" when their camps establish too close to Katie Lindsay's(formerly, Katherine Kalpakis<ref name="pitstop"/>) own house.<ref name="katie testimony"/>▼
▲
With regard to homelessness in Portland, Lindsay commented about the role of HUCIRP "Our role is not to solve homelessness, but to incrementally improve the experience of those living outdoors and the community at large by providing trash mitigation and sharps disposal services."<ref>https://www.facebook.com/PDXMayorTedWheeler/photos/portlandyou-know-that-our-public-servants-work-around-the-clock-on-your-behalf-b/10158089391008620/</ref> She has also proposed hygiene access for the homeless in Portland in 2017 which came with a price tag of around $159,000.<ref name="pitstop">PDX PitStop proposal https://web.archive.org/web/20171025111008/https://www.portlandmercury.com/images/blogimages/2017/10/19/1508444131-pdxpitstop_proposal.pdf</ref> ▼
==== Katie Lindsay, HUCIRP program coordinator ====
She acknowledged that when she was working at an organization that is the "largest homeless shelter in Portland".(Likely Portland Rescue Mission<ref>https://www.portlandrescuemission.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Prayer-Calendar-August-2012.pdf</ref>, they would suggest their clients who can not enter the program to go camp at Walmart or the airport. ▼
In a correspondence with a citizen in December 2020, City of Portland's HUCIRP program coordinator Katie Lindsay (who is also a qualified mental health professional and drug and alcohol counselor)<ref>https://www.streetroots.org/news/2019/03/15/portland-spends-millions-responding-homelessness-researchers-find</ref><ref>https://npiregistry.cms.hhs.gov/registry/provider-view/1568852655</ref> summarized that about 90% of complaints made to HUCIRP are speculative.
▲"Almost 90% of the complaints our program has received regarding these units are related to stigma connected to the homeless population and complaints about things that ‘could happen,’ but have not happened," Lindsay wrote to the citizen. In a response to a citizen's complaint about the toilet placed near the complainant's house, Lindsay replied "Access to water and appropriate toilet options are recognized by the UN General Assembly as a human right" <ref name="toilet"> https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/12/portable-toilets-in-southeast-portland-stolen-vandalized-in-escalating-fight-between-city-and-neighbors.html</ref>
▲In a media interview in her professional capacity, she described she's been besieged with angry phone calls about the red toilet.<ref>https://www.streetroots.org/news/2020/11/04/kaia-sand-access-hygiene-sanitation-human-right</ref> Speaking about her experiences in her own community of residence, Katie said: <blockquote>'''''"I've spent a lot of my profession when i worked, umm dealing with transients and I mean we're talking things like petty crime, public intoxication, but those aren't things I want in my community."'''''<ref>https://youtu.be/yeucKkIX5sM?t=4123 (City of Sherwood City Council Testimony June 12, 2013</ref> - Katie Lindsay at the June 12, 2013 Sherwood city council session. </blockquote>With regard to homelessness in Portland, Lindsay
Katherine Kalpakis, 16380 SW Red Twig Drive, came forward and said she has emailed the Council and said she bought a home in Sherwood in 2011 and is raising 3 small children here and has not attended meetings but she has voted, does research on the elections and she watches the meetings on TV. She said she has a very reasonable concerns and questions for the Council and the Planning Commission regarding the 24 hour parking. She said she received one response from Mayor Middleton. She stated for 3 1/2 years she worked for the largest homeless shelter in Portland and she did safety planning which is when a client can't come into the program they let them know what is practical for them to do and some of the advice is to go to the airport or find a Walmart parking lot. She said she also worked in Arizona with domestic violence shelters and that was also the advice they gave. She said she is concerned and stated it is easy to remedy the situation by eliminating the 24 hour parking and she has read reports that some of the crimes at Shari's and Wendy's are not significant, but that is not true about Walmart and she has spent a lot of time dealing with transients, heavy crime and public intoxication and she does not want this in her community and recommends they pass an ordinance. She said she does not want to have to pay for that or the burden of enforcing the 24 hour parking on our Police Department and said they should have to pay for it. She referred to an article in January from Pamplin Media that reported about the homelessness in this area and it suggested that people find safe places like Walmart because it is better to be in large groups rather than being on their own. She stated that this is a responsible thing for Council to prevent.<ref name="katie testimony">Sherwood City Council meeting minutes, June 12, 2013 https://web.archive.org/web/20170131134712/https://www.sherwoodoregon.gov/sites/default/files/fileattachments/city_council/meeting/1330/06.12.13_city_council_minutes.pdf</ref><br />▼
That article referenced by Lindsay (Katherine Kalpakis) is likely ''Men on the street'', by Saundra Sorenson, in the January 03 2013 print of TheTimes https://pamplinmedia.com/ttt/89-news/125909-men-on-the-street▼
▲She acknowledged that when she was working at an organization that is the "largest homeless shelter in Portland". (
===public burden of HUCIRP staff payroll===▼
Lindsay was a vocal opponent about the presence of such a destination in her own community. She voraciously objected to the Super Walmart's 24 hour parking lot near where she owned a house where she raised her children. She emailed the city council and testified at a Sherwood City Council meeting urging the city to pass an ordinance to ban the 24 hour parking lot at Walmart near her house. She expressed she "spent a lot of time ''<u>dealing with transients</u>'', heavy crime and public intoxication" in her profession and "she does not want this in her community". The store and parking would give the homeless a 24 hour access to restroom and a place where homeless people can rest and sleep in their RVs. Essentially, Katherine Lindsay did not want what she advocates professionally being hosted in her own backyard on what appears to be speculative concerns about foresight of homeless related issues. She felt that the Walmart parking lot is a "responsible thing for Council to prevent."
▲
▲
The public expenses of the staff payroll for 2018 for the three staff at HUCIRP was as following<ref>https://openpayrolls.com/city/portland-or</ref>:
*Lucas Hillier $94,286.40
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===Stop the Sweeps PDX & related responses===
[[File:Elia-2019-12-20-Stop-the-Sweeps-PDX-rally.jpg|thumb|right
Commissioner Jo Ann Hardesty https://www.facebook.com/CommissionerHardesty/posts/450865485834942 December 20, 2019 at 3:58 PM ·
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===Proposal for test lawsuit against Portland camping ban===
from [https://www.facebook.com/cory.elia.3/posts/1342210052632275?comment_id=1342429282610352 Tim McCormick, Comment, January 31, 2020], on [https://www.facebook.com/cory.elia.3/posts/1342210052632275 Facebook post by Cory Elia], inviting suggested questions to ask Mayor Wheeler at upcoming homelessness forum. [see: Street Roots, "[https://news.streetroots.org/2020/01/31/mayor-host-portland-forums-about-homelessness Mayor to host Portland forums about homelessness.]" 31 Jan 2020]: <blockquote>''"I'd ask, like Mike O'Callaghan's question: how could Portland create adequate, sanctioned, shelter and/or camping areas for all homeless residents, in order for the city's campsite clearances to be defensible against constitutional challenges following from the 9th Circuit's Martin v Boise ruling? For example, if Portland's camping-restriction ordinance were challenged in Federal court?<br /> <br /> "You may be able to ask the Mayor this or some question, but it doesn't seem that these very managed public fora are much likely to shift the Mayor/City's policy on, say, sweeps. In terms of the classic Arnstein "Ladder of Citizen Participation" model, these fora are probably low on the ladder. But I imagine other efforts/strategies are in play, what are they and where are those conversations happening?<br /> <br /> "As my question suggests, a strategy I might suggest [though I Am Not a Lawyer] is to develop a test case something like original Martin v. Boise case: find someone penalized by city's anti-camping ordinance, who undeniably endured harm during actions enforcing the ordinance, and faces concrete, imminent risk of harm from future such enforcement action. Then file suit in Federal district court against the city seeking prospective relief and a permanent injunction enjoying the City from enforcing the ordinances.<br /> <br /> "Federal district court in Oregon is bound by 9th Circuit Court of Appeals rulings, ie Martin v Boise, so if we got to this point it might look like the suit had a chance to succeed and invalidate the camping ban. This might create sufficient leverage to make the City either suspend enforcement of the campsite ban, or modify the ordinance to meet constitutional muster, and possibly get the suit withdrawn.<br /> <br /> "Note, I imagine that groups such as [https://www.facebook.com/NLCHPhomeless/?hc_location=ufi National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty] and [https://www.facebook.com/aclu/?hc_location=ufi ACLU] and [https://www.facebook.com/ACLUofOregon/?hc_location=ufi ACLU of Oregon] are contemplating such legal strategies, and would know much more about it than my amateur legal hypothesizing does. I haven't yet seen anything from them along these lines, perhaps it's too soon after Supreme Court's denial of Martin v Boise appeal the other month.<br /> <br /> "Reference: An action like the suit above would be a case of moving UP on "A Ladder Of Citizen Participation," described by Sherry R. Arnstein, 1969, in Journal of the American Planning. Association, 35: 4, 216-224."''</blockquote>
===Groups / leaders involved===
Fight the Sweeps PDX (Facebook page)
https://www.facebook.com/FightTheSweepsPortland/
Commissioner Joann Hardesty
https://www.facebook.com/CommissionerHardesty/<nowiki/>,
==(6) Other cities ==
▲=== Philadelphia===
from Metraux et al 2019. "An Evaluation of the City of Philadelphia’s Kensington Encampment Resolution Pilot."
==(7) Guides/Proposals for encampment operation and response==
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Parr, Evanie and Rankin, Sara (2018). "It Takes a Village: Practical Guide for Authorized Encampments." Seattle University Homeless Rights Advocacy Project, May 3, 2018. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3173224.
===
<blockquote>''"Authorized Encampments:<br /> As with emergency shelters, authorized encampments are not a permanent solution to homelessness. Housing is the only permanent solution. But safe and lawful homeless encampments can be a critical interim measure for helping to unhoused people while housing options are pursued. '''Local governments should develop constructive encampment policies, including designating a sufficient number of adequate areas where homeless people may safely and lawfully camp and store their belongings. To reduce harm to homeless residents and the surrounding communities, encampments should be provided with trash service, water service, and other necessary services, like toilets.''' In addition, local governments should develop constructive policies for addressing existing homeless encampments modeled on federal guidance and our Encampment Principles and Best Practices. At a minimum, state and local governments should develop policies for cleaning public places that do not displace homeless people from public lands, nor result in the destruction of their belongings, when there is no adequate housing alternative. Our Encampment Principles are available in Appendix B of this report."''
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#End the illegal confiscation and destruction of unhoused neighbors’ personal property.
#
#End the use of cleaning as a pretext for harassment of unhoused people and establish productive, scheduled, regular, and well-publicized street and sidewalk cleaning where unhoused people reside.
#End the towing of vehicles that people are using as their homes.
===Services Not Sweeps (Los Angeles).===
'''"Our Demands"''' https://servicesnotsweeps.com/<nowiki/>: <blockquote>"The City of Los Angeles, in response to community organizing, demands from unhoused communities, County Public Health reports, and other input, has increased street cleaning and sanitation services in unhoused communities over the past three to five years. Unfortunately, however, the City has done so with an emphasis on criminalization, harassment, and removal of people and their belongings, instead of taking a health-based approach to ensuring safe and clean streets for all.
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2) Ensure all street and sidewalk cleaning is scheduled, regular, and well publicized
*
*Cleaning will be scheduled on a weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly timeframe, with a 2 to 4 hour window of time, similar to other City street cleaning services.
*Continue to post notices at and near each site prior to cleaning services, either 48 or 72 hours in advance.
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3) Ensure appropriate resources are in place in advance of and during all scheduled cleaning
*
* Outreach workers will be present on site the day before the clean-up and also thirty minutes before the cleanup begins to provide additional notice of cleanings. Outreach workers or other community members will be allowed at the clean up sites to help identify and assist individuals who need accommodations to move their belongings.
* City officials will ensure that the provision of appropriate resources extends to any informal shelter needs in extreme weather such as rain or heat, and will provide accommodations during street cleaning that occurs in extreme weather conditions.
*
4) Ensure an accountability system for City street and sidewalk cleaning procedures, including a complaint/grievance process and a response to any violations documented within three days.
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*Ensure that areas with significant homeless communities receive daily trash service.
*
2) Improve public health infrastructure beyond street cleaning efforts
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3) ''Implement the Guiding Principles and Practices'' for Local Responses to Unsheltered Homelessness across all areas and departments of the City, particularly Sanitation.
This document is solely focused on a public health and harm reduction approach to street and sidewalk cleaning. All endorsers agree on these recommendations. However, this document does not include the multiple changes urgently needed in Los Angeles Police Department policy that criminalize homelessness, poverty and communities of color far more broadly than in the street/sidewalk cleaning efforts, or other recommendations to improve health and respect all human and civil rights."</blockquote>
===Leilani Farha & Haseena Manek (2020)===
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<br /></blockquote>
===SF Coalition on Housing: Policy Paper - Safe and Dignified Sleep Spaces (April 2020)
ca. 15 April, 2020.<br /> <blockquote>'''"General Statement''':
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**Garbage service: Garbage, including recycling and compost, will be regularly serviced 1-2 times a week
**Access to drinking water
** Access to shared cooking facilities
*Legal camping areas should not include on-going police presence and/or surveillance
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*Structures should be low cost and mobile
*The community should be homeless people led, defined as:
** Self-determination on access into the safe and dignified sleep area
**Self-determined length of stay. While the space may be temporary; there should not be artificial time limits on stays while space is available, as these lead to increased instability and trauma.
**Self-governance, including a decision-making body that determines whether to have staff on site, off site or to not have staffing of encampments; however, any staffing on site should in no way interfere with self governance, nor should staff determine people being able to stay or not. Neither should this preclude paid positions of residents.
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"I believe that such a path of working out viable alternatives can helpfully draw on and pragmatically realize "right to housing" ideas. I.e. how might a city like Portland offer, at least on a trial basis, at least minimal rights of habitation to all unhoused residents, which might mean something like reasonable access to authorized safe areas, resident rights, right to self-shelter, etc. I imagine it might emerge as politically and/or pragmatically important to define *who* would be given these rights, e.g. anyone present in city, anyone with existing or prior residence in city, etc? Old questions, but I think good to engage anew."<br /></blockquote>The question here is immediate, practical, and actual, in that in May 2020, a coalition of North Portland neighborhood associations issued a "Joint Statement on Homelessness" proposing a citywide system of authorized camps/villages, along with prohibition of camping in parks, waterways and public paths. [see [[Portland village network]]].
This echoes the statement in NLCHP, "Housing Not Handcuffs" report [NLCHP 2019]: <blockquote>''"safe and lawful homeless encampments can be a critical interim measure for helping to unhoused people while housing options are pursued. '''Local governments should develop constructive encampment policies, including designating a sufficient number of adequate areas where homeless people may safely and lawfully camp and store their belongings."'''''</blockquote>Considering this from the standpoint of legal theory and international law, and the "right to housing", this angle might be considered aligned with the concept of '<nowiki/>'''minimum core'''<nowiki/>' socio-economic rights:<blockquote>"The concept of the 'minimum core' seeks to establish a minimum legal content for the notoriously indeterminate claims of economic and social rights. ''By recognizing the “minimum essential levels” of the rights to food, health, housing, and education'', it is a concept trimmed, honed, and shorn of deontological excess. ''It reflects a “minimalist” rights strategy, which implies that maximum gains are made by minimizing goals. It also trades rights inflation for rights-ambition, channeling the attention of advocates towards the severest cases of material deprivation and treating these as violations by states'' towards their own citizens or even to those outside their territorial reach. ''With the minimum core concept as its guide, economic and social rights are supposed to enter the hard work of hard law''." [italics emphases added - tm for housingwiki]. -[Young 2008] Young, Katharine G. (2008). "The Minimum Core of Economic and Social Rights: A Concept in Search of Content." ''The Yale Journal of International Law'', 33:113-175.</blockquote>See further discussion in article [[Right to housing]].
==References==
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Sand, Kaia. Tweet, Dec 17. https://twitter.com/mkaiasand/status/1207065461990383617.<br /> "Let's call on City Council to put the brakes on a new sweeps contract for Rapid Response. Give our community six months to present a constructive alternative. We certainly can do that. We can imagine a more humane city. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/auditor/article/749641 [link to info on proposed contract]."
Schmid, Thacher. "Oversight Questions Arise as Portland Pays to Clean Up Homeless Campsites." ''Portland Mercury'', Jun 6, 2019.<br /> https://www.portlandmercury.com/news/2019/06/06/26591451/oversight-questions-arise-as-portland-pays-to-clean-up-homeless-campsites
Services Not Sweeps (Los Angeles). "Our Demands". [https://servicesnotsweeps.com/ [1]]. Accessed 8 March, 2020.
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Zielinski, Alex (2019). "Acceptable Losses." [": Property lost in Portland's sweeps of homeless camps keeps the city's most vulnerable at a disadvantage"]. Portland Mercury, 5 Dec 2019. https://www.portlandmercury.com/feature/2019/12/05/27586044/acceptable-losses.
Zielinski, Alex (2019). "Homeless Advocates Push to Delay Camp Cleanup Contract." ''Portland Mercury'', 19 Dec 2019. [https://www.portlandmercury.com/blogtown/2019/12/19/27674115/homeless-advocates-push-to-delay-camp-cleanup-contract
<references />
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