Displacement: Difference between revisions

discussion and references from Zuk et al [2015]:<br/> "In an effort to provide a definition of displacement that encompasses various drivers analyzed, Grier and Grier [1978] proposed the following definition, which has been adopted by numerous researchers and agencies in subsequent decades:

Finally, enhanced housing market competition referred to broad shifts in the national and regional housing market, which they argue have an even larger impact than disinvestment or reinvestment forces, although again acknowledging the relationship between the three. As an example they discuss the needs of the then young baby boom generation that were not being met by housing production of mostly single family suburban homes, thus resulting in pressures on the pre-existing urban housing stock.<br/> &nbsp;

The distinctions in these three types of displacement pressures resurfaced 8 years later when Peter Marcuse analyzed displacement in New York City (Marcuse 1986). &nbsp;''<span style="color:#800000;">[I think Marcuse [1985], see References,&nbsp;is meant. -ed]. </span>&nbsp;''Marcuse argued that when looking at the relationship between gentrification and displacement one must first consider the disinvestment of urban neighborhoods and subsequent displacement, which makes land ripe for investment with gentrification of “vacant” land.

From this perspective gentrification can happen long after abandonment-induced displacement. Therefore, he argues, most gentrification induced displacement studies&nbsp;significantly underestimated the magnitude of the problem and therefore “chains” of displacement must be considered. He further distinguishes between displacement caused<br/> by physical reasons (e.g., water is turned off, evictions, rehab, etc.) and economic causes (e.g., rising rent). In addition, Marcuse introduces the concept of '''exclusionary displacement''', modifying Grier and Grier’s definition of displacement to define exclusionary displacement as:

<blockquote>''“Exclusionary displacement from gentrification occurs when any household is not permitted to move into a dwelling, by a change in conditions, which affect that dwelling or its immediate surroundings, which:<br/> a) is beyond the household’s reasonable ability to control or prevent;<br/> b) occur despite the household’s being able to meet all previously-imposed conditions of occupancy;<br/> c) differs significantly and in a spatially concentrated fashion from changes in the housing<br/> market as a whole; and<br/> d) makes occupancy by that household impossible, hazardous or unaffordable.” (p. 156)''</blockquote>

#direct/physical

provide the most comprehensive definition available, but he warns that to sum across the categories would lead to an over-estimate of displacement as there is considerable overlap between them; yet to exclude any source could produce an underestimate."&nbsp;

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== References ==

*Grier and Grier [1978].&nbsp;&nbsp;“Urban Displacement: A Reconnaissance." U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).&nbsp;<br/> &nbsp;

*Marcuse, Peter. [http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396&context=law_urbanlaw "Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Causes, and Policy Responses in New York City."]&nbsp;''Urban Law Annual&nbsp;; Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law'', Volume 28 (January 1985).&nbsp;[http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396&context=law_urbanlaw http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1396&context=law_urbanlaw].<br/> &nbsp;