Zoning: Difference between revisions

 

Around the turn of the 20th century, a rapid urbanization process and influx of immigrants transformed the country. Middle and upper-classes consequently encountered much greater diversity than they had before making the intrusion of unwanted people into their neighborhoods appear more conceivable. As a result, many cities began implementing the first exclusionary zoning policies. In 1908, Los Angeles adopted the first citywide zoning ordinance protecting residential areas from the entrance of these undesirable community elements. Many of these early regulations directly darred racial and ethnic minorities from community residence, until explicit racial zoning was declared unconstitutional in 1917.

 

1904 Los Angeles ordinance<br/> [http://recode.la/sites/default/files/file_attachments/basic_page/OrdNo9774-ResidentialDistricts(July%2025%201904).pdf http://recode.la/sites/default/files/file_attachments/basic_page/OrdNo9774-ResidentialDistricts%28July%2025%201904%29.pdf]

*Bertolet, Dan.[http://www.sightline.org/2016/04/20/how-exclusionary-zoning-robs-our-cities-of-their-best-qualities/ "Exclusionary Zoning Robs Our Cities of Their Best Qualities."]&nbsp;Sightline.org, 2016-04-20.<br/> &nbsp;

*Erickson, Amanda. "[https://www.citylab.com/equity/2012/06/birth-zoning-codes-history/2275/ The Birth of Zoning Codes, a History]."&nbsp;''Citylab, ''19 Jun 2012.&nbsp;<br/> [https://www.citylab.com/equity/2012/06/birth-zoning-codes-history/2275/ https://www.citylab.com/equity/2012/06/birth-zoning-codes-history/2275/].<br/> &nbsp;

*Furth, Salim. “[https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2017/11/two-board-knot-zoning-schools-inequality/ The Two-Board Knot: Zoning, Schools, and Inequality.]” &nbsp;American Affairs Journal, Winter 2017.<br/> [https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2017/11/two-board-knot-zoning-schools-inequality/ https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2017/11/two-board-knot-zoning-schools-inequality/.&nbsp;]<br/> &nbsp;

*Glaeser, Edward. "[https://www.brookings.edu/research/reforming-land-use-regulations/ Reforming land use regulations]." Brookings Institute,&nbsp;April 24, 2017.&nbsp;[https://www.brookings.edu/research/reforming-land-use-regulations/ https://www.brookings.edu/research/reforming-land-use-regulations/].<br/> &nbsp;

*Fischel, William A. (2013).&nbsp;"Neighborhood Conservation Districts: The New Belt and Suspenders of Municipal Zoning."&nbsp;78 Brook. L. Rev. (2013).<br/> [http://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol78/iss2/17 http://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/blr/vol78/iss2/17].<br/> &nbsp;

*Glaeser, Edward L, Joseph Gyourko and Raven Saks. "Why is Manhattan So Expensive? Regulation and the Rise in Housing Prices."&nbsp;<br/> &nbsp;

*Hall, Peter. "[https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_E90AYG2sPDelVqeFBVVDFobVk The Containment of Urban England]." The Geographical Journal, Vol. 140, No. 3 (Oct., 1974), pp. 386-408.&nbsp;[http://www.jstor.org/stable/1796533. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1796533.&nbsp;][article summary of Hall's 1973 book of the same name].&nbsp;&nbsp;<br/> [https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_E90AYG2sPDelVqeFBVVDFobVk https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_E90AYG2sPDelVqeFBVVDFobVk].<br/> &nbsp;

*Hills, Roderick M. Hills, and&nbsp;David Schleicher.&nbsp;"[https://ilr.law.uiowa.edu/print/volume-101-issue-1/planning-an-affordable-city/ Planning an Affordable City.]" 101 Iowa Law Review&nbsp;91 (2015).<br/> [https://ilr.law.uiowa.edu/print/volume-101-issue-1/planning-an-affordable-city/ https://ilr.law.uiowa.edu/print/volume-101-issue-1/planning-an-affordable-city/].<br/> <br/> "The solution to this housing crisis is economically simple but politically difficult. As a matter of economic rationality, local governments should deregulate their housing markets to allow an increased housing supply to meet a rising demand for housing. As a political matter, however, incumbent residents who already own housing vociferously and effectively protest against the reduction of zoning restrictions."<br/> <br/> How, then, to free up urban land markets from the stranglehold of zoning driven by NIMBY (not-in-my-back-yard) neighbors? We argue, paradoxically, that the solution to excessive zoning is centralized, comprehensive, and binding land-use planning.<br/> <br/> We argue in Part III.A that binding, comprehensive plans allow legislators to create “contracts” across electoral districts that are otherwise impossible when zoning proceeds through piecemeal lot-by-lot bargaining."&nbsp;[http://www.yimby.wiki/index.php?title=Comprehensive_plan&action=edit&redlink=1 Comprehensive plan].&nbsp;<br/> <br/> "We argue in Part III.B that parcel-by-parcel bargaining imposes high information costs on outside investors, thereby reducing the market for investment in new housing to a handful of local insiders with incentives to constrain supply."<br/> <br/> "Prescriptions below in Part IV, including the idea that mayors and city planning departments ought to regularly redraw the citywide zoning map to comprehend all pending development proposals, a process that would look something like an annual budgeting process. [see&nbsp;[http://www.yimby.wiki/wiki/Zoning_budget Zoning budget]&nbsp;-Yimbywiki].&nbsp;Other proposals include fixed prices, defined ex ante in the zoning ordinance, for additional building rights [see&nbsp;[http://www.yimby.wiki/wiki/Transfer_of_development_rights Transfer of development rights]&nbsp;-Yimbywiki]&nbsp;and prohibitions on any downzoning until citywide housing goals, defined with hard figures like vacancy rates or building permits issued, are met."&nbsp;&nbsp;<br/> &nbsp;

**''Progress and Poverty.&nbsp;''Modernized edition by Bob Drake, 2006.&nbsp;[http://www.henrygeorge.org/pintro.htm http://www.henrygeorge.org/pintro.htm].<br/> &nbsp;

 

 

*Hall, Peter.&nbsp;''Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century''&nbsp;(2002).<br/> &nbsp;